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间变性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因阳性的非小细胞肺癌的治疗进展

2017-01-17张运剑

中国全科医学 2017年2期
关键词:激酶中位临床试验

胡 萍,张运剑

·新进展·

间变性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因阳性的非小细胞肺癌的治疗进展

胡 萍,张运剑*

非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)已经进入分子靶向治疗时代。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)在NSCLC治疗中起重要作用,但EGFR-TKIs治疗过程中会不可避免地产生耐药。近年来,研究发现间变性淋巴瘤激酶(ALK)相关的融合基因是NSCLC的重要驱动基因而成为治疗的新靶点。本文就ALK融合基因以及ALK抑制剂对ALK融合基因阳性的NSCLC治疗进展作一综述。

癌,非小细胞肺;分子靶向治疗;间变性淋巴瘤激酶;基因融合

胡萍,张运剑.间变性淋巴瘤激酶融合基因阳性的非小细胞肺癌的治疗进展[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(2):232-236.[www.chinagp.net]

HU P,ZHANG Y J.Progress in the treatment for anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion gene positive in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(2):232-236.

分子靶向药物为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的治疗开启了新时代,以吉非替尼、厄罗替尼及阿法替尼等为代表的表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors,EGFR-TKIs)不仅可以改善携带表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)敏感突变的NSCLC尤其是肺腺癌患者的无进展生存期(progression-free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall survival,OS),还可以改善患者的生活质量,因此成为EGFR突变型NSCLC的一线治疗方案[1-2]。然而,EGFR敏感突变仅占肺腺癌的30%~50%,因此需要发现更多的驱动基因并研发相应的靶向治疗药物。近几年,间变性淋巴瘤激酶(anaplastic lymphoma kinase,ALK)相关的融合基因,如棘皮动物微管结合蛋白样4-ALK(echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4-ALK,EML4-ALK)等被发现可在体内、体外导致正常细胞的恶性转化,因此属于肺癌的驱动基因,而这部分肺癌亦被称为“ALK阳性的NSCLC”。这一亚型的NSCLC,尤其是EML4-ALK型,具有相对独特的临床病理学特征,可被以ALK为靶点的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制剂克唑替尼(Crizotinib)特异性抑制,因此具有重要的临床意义。本文就ALK融合基因的发现及临床病理学特征、检测方法、疗效预测和预后判断价值以及相应的抑制剂进行综述。

1 ALK融合基因的发现及临床病理学特征

2007年,SODA等[3]首次在NSCLC患者中发现EML4-ALK融合基因,其可以导致肿瘤的发生。进一步研究发现该融合基因占NSCLC人群的2%~5%[3-4],且与EGFR突变具有互斥性[5],在非EGFR突变人群中约占25%;常见于年轻、不吸烟/轻度吸烟的肺腺癌(尤其是印戒细胞癌)患者[6-7]。体外、体内实验均证实,ALK抑制剂可有效抑制携带ALK融合基因的肺癌细胞[3]。

2 ALK融合基因的检测方法

2.1 荧光原位杂交法(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH) FISH是检测ALK融合基因的“金标准”[7],主要采用FISH分离探针试剂盒[7-8]。该试剂盒设计了两种探针,分别标记ALK基因的3′端(300 kb,橘红色)和5′端(442 kb,绿色)。当肿瘤细胞存在ALK融合基因时两端是分开的,导致橘红色和绿色相互远离,其判断标准是两个信号间隔≥2个信号直径;而在缺失ALK融合基因的肿瘤细胞中橘红色和绿色重叠为黄色或相互粘合,其判断标准是两个信号间隔<2个信号直径。若按信号比例判定,单个视野内50个癌细胞中至少有25个存在分离信号,或两个不同视野中至少有15个分离信号。FISH方法优势在于可以检测不同的融合蛋白以及变异体,并且具有很好的疗效预测价值,因此被美国食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于Crizotinib治疗前的检测[7]。

2.2 免疫组化法(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 最初的IHC灵敏度低,并伴有假阳性[9]。新的IHC超敏技术提高了灵敏度,成为一种可行的筛选方法[10]。阳性判断标准需要5%~10%的肿瘤细胞呈现中重度的染色强度[11]。IHC具有费用低、操作简便的优势,但较难达到标准化流程。因此,IHC可以作为初筛手段,阳性者可进一步采用FISH确定。

2.3 反转录-聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)法 RT-PCR法特异度高,可以鉴定多种ALK的融合类型[12]。缺陷在于对脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)样品质量要求较高,需要新鲜或冷冻肿瘤组织。目前已有一些采用石蜡包埋样品进行ALK融合基因检测的新平台。

3 ALK融合基因的疗效预测和预后判断价值

ALK融合基因对Crizotinib的疗效预测价值已经得到肯定。欧洲一项研究纳入1 281例可切除的Ⅰ~Ⅲ期肺腺癌患者,对比ALK阳性(采用FISH和IHC)和阴性患者的生存情况,80例IHC阳性患者的PFS和OS均显著长于IHC阴性患者,其风险比(HR)分别为0.65〔95%CI(0.46,0.93),P=0.018〕和0.61〔95%CI(0.41,0.90),P=0.012〕。然而,对FISH检测结果进行分析时,仅OS表现出明显差异[13]。因此不同检测方法是否会导致预后判断结果差异需要更多研究证实。

目前仅有几项针对进展期患者的研究,美国的一项研究显示未经Crizotinib治疗的患者中,ALK阳性(n=36)与阴性(n=253)患者间的OS无差异[14];但基于亚洲(韩国)人群的研究却显示ALK阳性患者的OS较差[15-16]。

4 ALK抑制剂

4.1 一代ALK抑制剂

4.1.1 Crizotinib的临床数据 2011年FDA批准Crizotinib用于治疗ALK阳性肺癌[17]。在Ⅰ期临床研究(PROFILE 1001)中,149例ALK阳性进展期NSCLC患者(不吸烟者占71%,97%为腺癌)接受Crizotinib治疗(250 mg,2次/d),总体客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为60.8%,中位PFS为9.7个月,最常见的毒副作用是皮疹、恶心及腹泻[17]。Crizotinib对接受过一线化疗、进展的ALK阳性NSCLC的Ⅱ期临床试验显示ORR为59.8%,中位PFS为8.1个月[18]。

对一线含铂方案化疗失败的NSCLC患者Crizotinib可能优于培美曲塞或多西他赛单药化疗。一项纳入347例ALK阳性的NSCLC患者的Ⅲ期临床试验(PROFILE 1007)显示Crizotinib较培美曲塞或多西他赛单药化疗提高患者的中位PFS(7.7个月与3.0个月,HR=0.49)和ORR(65%与20%)。进一步分析发现培美曲塞治疗组的ORR高于多西他赛治疗组(29%与7%),提示培美曲塞治疗可能从ALK阳性患者中获益。Crizotinib在明显减少肺癌相关症状的同时毒副作用也较少,其Ⅲ~Ⅳ级转氨酶升高和中性粒细胞计数减少的发生率分别为16%和13%[19]。

另一项对比Crizotinib(Crizotinib组)和培美曲塞+顺铂一线治疗(化疗组)ALK阳性进展期NSCLC疗效的Ⅲ期临床试验显示,Crizotinib组PFS明显长于化疗组(10.9个月与7.0个月,HR=0.45,P<0.01),而ORR分别为74%和45%(P<0.001)[20]。基于这项研究,提出Crizotinib标准治疗方案可以作为未经治疗ALK阳性的NSCLC患者的一线治疗,此项研究为巩固Crizotinib在ALK阳性的NSCLC患者中的标准治疗地位提供了高级别循证医学依据。

4.1.2 Crizotinib对中枢神经系统转移瘤的治疗 Crizotinib对中枢神经系统转移瘤的治疗价值仍然存在争议。高剂量Crizotinib单药以及联合化疗已经尝试用于中枢神经系统转移瘤的治疗[21]。部分专家建议,Crizotinib治疗过程中出现单纯脑转移的患者可以继续接受Crizotinib治疗,并加用局部放疗[22]。对两项Ⅲ期临床试验(PROFILE 1001和PROFILE 1005)数据回顾性分析显示62%的患者在经历了疾病进展(progressive disease,PD)后继续接受Crizotinib治疗,大部分患者具有较好的体能状态(ECOG评分0~1),其中51%的患者为孤立脑转移[22]。这些结果提示Crizotinib可能用于脑转移患者。

4.1.3 Crizotinib的耐药机制及应对策略 Crizotinib最终也会耐药,导致疾病进展。机制之一是继发耐药基因突变,例如L1196M[23],其他基因突变包括:C1156Y、G1202R、G1269A、S1206Y、I1171T、L1152R及F1174L/C等。另外,旁路激活也是可能的耐药机制,如ALK扩增,上皮-间质转化以及胰岛素样生长因子1受体(insulinlike growth factor-1 receptor,IGF-1R)通路激活等[24]。

针对Crizotinib耐药可以应用第二代ALK抑制剂,也可以联合热休克蛋白90(heat shock proteins,Hsp90)抑制剂、EGFR抑制剂、TKI抑制剂以及IGF-1R抑制剂等。一项Crizotinib联合依匹木单抗的Ⅰb期临床试验也正在进行中[25]。另针对ALK阳性非鳞状NSCLC接受Crizotinib治疗后,随机接受培美曲塞单药或Crizotinib联合培美曲塞治疗的Ⅱ期临床研究正在进行中[26],结果值得期待。

4.2 二代ALK抑制剂 二代ALK抑制剂抑制ALK融合基因的作用更强,可以克服Crizotinib耐药,并对中枢神经系统转移瘤具有较好疗效。目前一些新的二代ALK抑制剂处于临床试验中。

4.2.1 Ceritinib Ceritinib(LDK378)是在NVP-TAE684基础上研发的口服ALK抑制剂[27]。临床前期研究显示出强于Crizotinib的抗肿瘤活性,并对Crizotinib耐药的肿瘤细胞产生作用[28]。114例接受Ceritinib治疗的患者ORR为58%,中位PFS为7个月。最常见的Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级毒副作用为丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高(21%)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)升高(11%)以及腹泻(7%),所有毒副作用在Ceritinib停药后可缓解[29]。

2014年,FDA批准Ceritinib用于Crizotinib治疗失败的ALK阳性NSCLC患者[30]。ASCEND-1研究结果显示,Ceritinib对已应用过和未用过Crizotinib ALK阳性NSCLC患者的ORR分别为56%和72%,中位PFS分别为6.9个月和18.4个月。入组时有脑转移的患者经过Ceritinib治疗后颅内病变控制率分别为65%(经过Crizotinib治疗)和79%(未经过Crizotinib治疗)[30]。该研究结果提示Ceritinib可使Crizotinib治疗失败的ALK阳性NSCLC患者获益并可减缓脑转移进展。此外一项回顾性分析显示NSCLC患者采用序贯Crizotinib-Ceritinib治疗,其中位PFS为17.4个月,中位OS达到49.4个月[31],进一步证实了Ceritinib对Crizotinib耐药患者的抗肿瘤活性。

4.2.2 Alectinib Alectinib(RO5424802/CH5424802)是一种高选择性的口服ALK抑制剂。临床前研究显示Alectinib对于基因突变(L1196M、F1174L、R1275Q、C1156Y)所致的Crizotinib耐药具有活性[32],而且对小鼠脑转移模型有效[33]。

日本Ⅰ/Ⅱ期临床试验(AF-001JP)设定Alectinib 300 mg、2次/d为推荐剂量。Ⅲ级毒副作用发生率为26%,最常见的是中性粒细胞计数减少和肌酸磷酸激酶升高,未观察到Ⅳ级毒副作用[34]。

Alectinib对未经过ALK抑制剂治疗和经过ALK抑制剂治疗患者的ORR分别为93.5%和58.3%[34-35];而美国采用Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d治疗经过ALK抑制剂治疗患者的ORR为55%,脑转移患者的ORR为52%[36]。也有NSCLC患者继Crizotinib和Ceritinib治疗后出现脑转移,应用Alectinib仍取得很好疗效的报道[37]。

2015年ASCO报道一项开放、单臂、全球的Ⅱ期临床研究(NP28673),来自16个国家138例Crizotinib耐药患者,给予Alectinib 600 mg、2次/d,ORR为49.2%,疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)为79.5%;脑转移患者ORR为55.9%,其中5例完全缓解。27.5%患者出现Ⅲ~Ⅴ级毒副作用[38]。因此,对于Crizotinib耐药的NSCLC患者,Alectinib疗效以及耐受性良好,有脑转移者也取得了较好的效果。AF-001JP最新报道随访3年仅有12例患者(26.1%)确认疾病进展;预计中位PFS大于29个月;14例入组存在脑转移患者,有7例目前仍无颅内或全身进展。目前无治疗相关的Ⅳ~Ⅴ级毒副作用[39]。Alectinib在长期治疗中显示出较高的疗效和安全性。关于Alectinib和Crizotinib的一线治疗的Ⅲ期临床研究正在进行中。

4.2.3 AP26113 AP26113是一种具有潜力的口服ALK抑制剂。临床前研究显示出其对ROS1和Crizotinib耐药基因突变的抗肿瘤活性[40-41]。Ⅱ期临床试验共入组57例患者,51例经过Crizotinib治疗患者ORR为69%,中位PFS为10.9个月,6例未经过Crizotinib治疗患者ORR为100%[42]。

4.2.4 ASP3026 ASP3026是一种ALK和ROS1抑制剂。在小鼠肿瘤模型中,该药对Crizotinib耐药后出现L1196M耐药基因突变的肿瘤具有活性[43]。Ⅰ期临床试验的结果显示,525 mg/d可作为Ⅱ期临床试验的推荐剂量。16例患者的ORR为50%,中位PFS为5.5个月[44]。

4.2.5 PF-06463922 PF-06463922是一种具有前景的巨环ALK和ROS1抑制剂。该药对P糖蛋白的泵出功能不敏感,且容易通过血-脑脊液屏障,因此可能对脑转移更有效[45]。临床前期研究显示,该药对Crizotinib耐药后产生的基因突变如G1202R具有较好的抗肿瘤活性[46]。在小鼠脑转移模型中,该药在脑组织内可获得20%~30%的血药浓度,并导致脑转移病灶的退缩[47]。Ⅰ期临床试验发现PF-06463922对ALK+/ROS1+NSCLC患者〔其中大部分合并脑转移并已接受酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(TKI)治疗〕有很好的临床效果以及耐受性,其主要毒副作用为高胆固醇血症和周围神经病变(均为23%)。关于最大耐受剂量和Ⅱ期临床试验推荐剂量的研究仍在进行中[48]。

5 总结

Crizotinib无论作为一线或二线及以上的方案治疗未经ALK抑制剂治疗的ALK阳性NSCLC患者均可获得较好疗效和PFS。但在Crizotinib治疗过程中均会出现继发耐药。Crizotinib继发耐药基因突变是主要的耐药机制之一,脑转移也是疾病进展的原因之一。新开发的ALK抑制剂可以克服Crizotinib耐药,并显示出对脑转移有较好疗效。其中最主要的是Ceritinib,该药已被FDA批准用于Crizotinib耐药的ALK阳性NSCLC患者的挽救治疗。其他ALK抑制剂如Alectinib等正处于不同期别的临床试验。未来需要继续评价二代ALK抑制剂的疗效,包括针对未经过Crizotinib治疗的ALK阳性患者,以及经过Crizotinib治疗后出现继发耐药基因突变的患者;另外,一代ALK抑制剂和二代ALK抑制剂以及二者与化疗的联合方式、给药顺序尚需要进一步的研究。

本文文献检索策略:

以“Non-small cell lung cancer、ALK、Crizotinib、Ceritinib、Alectinib”为关键词检索PubMed,纳入综述和临床研究。

作者贡献:胡萍进行资料收集整理、撰写论文、成文并对文章负责;张运剑进行质量控制及审校。

本文无利益冲突。

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(本文编辑:贾萌萌)

Progress in the Treatment for Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Fusion Gene Positive in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

HUPing,ZHANGYun-jian*

DepartmentofRespiratoryandCriticalCareMedicine,BeijingJishuitanHospital,PekingUniversityFourthSchoolofClinicalMedicine,Beijing100035,China

*Correspondingauthor:ZHANGYun-jian,Associatechiefphysician;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com

Molecular targeted therapy has become an important therapeutic modality for non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs) have been reported to exert a significant impact in the treatment of NSCLC.However,patients eventually develop drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs.Recently,anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK) fusion gene has been described as important driver gene in a subset of patients with NSCLC and becomes the new targets for NSCLC treatment.This paper reviewed the ALK fusion gene and progress of ALK inhibitors for the treatment of ALK fusion gene positive NSCLC patients.

Carcinoma,non-small-cell lung;Molecular targeted therapy;Anaplastic lymphoma kinase;Gene fusion

国家自然科学基金资助项目(91543124);北京市科学技术委员会资助课题(Z141107002514153)

R 730.26

A

10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.02.023

2016-05-11;

2016-10-23)

100035北京市,北京积水潭医院 北京大学第四临床医学院呼吸与危重症医学科

*通信作者:张运剑,副主任医师;E-mail:zhangyjian@126.com

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