面孔吸引力认知偏好与动机行为的性别差异研究
2016-11-26陆阳赵佳徐震雷
陆阳+赵佳+徐震雷



【摘要】目的:了解异性恋青年对面孔吸引力的认知偏好与相应的动机行为,探索当处理不同性别与吸引力的面孔时,是否存在着性别差异。方法:40名男性与女性被试需要完成两项任务:(1)评分任务,被试需要对所呈现的面孔,判断其吸引力的高低并进行评分;(2)按键任务,被试需要观看不同吸引力水平的面孔图片,并可以通过按键改变观看的时间。结果:男性和女性均对吸引力高的面孔评分更高且观看时间更长(P<0.05);面对吸引力高的面孔时,男性对异性面孔评分显著高于同性面孔(P<0.05),且对异性面孔观看时间显著高于对同性面孔(P<0.05),而女性则没有显示这样的差异(P>0.05);男性与女性被试对吸引力高的异性面孔评分没有显著性差异(P >0.05),但在按键任务中,男性相比女性会付出更多的努力(通过按更多的键),以更长时间的观看吸引力高的异性面孔(P<0.05)。结论: 吸引力高的异性面孔对异性恋的男性具有某种动机靶向作用,但对异性恋女性没有这种作用。在处理不同性别与吸引力的面孔时,在动机水平上可能存在着性别差异。
【关键词】 面孔吸引力;异性恋;性别;动机;喜爱;渴求
【Abstract】Objectives: To investigate the cognitive preference and motivational behavior of facial attractiveness in the heterosexual young people, and explore whether there is a sex difference when processing different gender and attractive faces. Methods: 40 male and female subjects were administered two tasks. (a) Rating task: all subjects need to rate the attractiveness of the faces presented on the screen. (b) Key-pressing task: the subjects can change the viewing time of the facial images via pressing certain key. Results: Overall, beautiful faces were rated higher and watched longer than average faces by all subjects (P<0.05). Beautiful heterosexual faces were significantly rated higher and watched longer than beautiful homosexual faces by male subjects (P<0.05), but not by female subjects (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between male and female subjects in the ratings of heterosexual facial attractiveness (P>0.05), but in the key-pressing task, men expended more effort (via pressing more keys) than women to extend the viewing time of the beautiful heterosexual faces (P<0.05). Conclusion: Beautiful heterosexual faces target for men in motivational level, but not for women, which means there may be a sex difference between men and women when processing different gender and attractiveness faces.
【Key words】Facial attractiveness; Heterosexual; Gender; Motivational; Liking; Wanting
【中图分类号】R167【文献标志码】A
1引言
人们可以从他人的外表,特别是面孔中迅速的形成好恶。越来越多的研究也聚焦于面孔对每个人之重要性上,其中被广泛证实的结论就是面孔刻板效应的存在[1],即“漂亮的人被认为拥有更多优秀的特质” [2]。以往的研究者从面部吸引力与个体社会交往[3]、择偶[4]、求职[5]、健康[6]的关系等方面进行了探讨, 发现面孔吸引力对个体的社会生活等多个方面都有着极其重要的影响。
Berridge和Robinson[7]整合了神经生理学发现的大脑奖赏系统与心理学动机的概念。在他们的模型中,作者区分了对奖赏的渴求与对情绪的体验。前者定义为对特定奖赏的渴求程度,而后者的意思是对奖赏愉悦或者痛苦的主观体验。奖赏……
