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维生素E药用机制的研究进展

2016-09-16石代秀盖琼燕

甘肃医药 2016年1期
关键词:蛋白激酶半胱氨酸蛋白酶

石代秀 盖琼燕

维生素E药用机制的研究进展

石代秀盖琼燕

维生素E是一种重要的脂溶性维生素,也是一种抗氧化剂,早在20世纪20年代就被人们所发现,维生素E在心脑血管疾病、神经系统疾病、运动系统疾病、糖尿病、抗肿瘤等方面具有广泛的作用,本文通过查阅外文文献,报道维生素E药用机制的最新进展,了解其发展的最新动态,为维生素E的进一步研究提供理论基础。

维生素E;生育三烯酚

维生素E是一类具有生物活性、化学结构相似的酚类化合物的总称。它早在1938年被发现,当时命名为“致育因子[1]”。目前发现的维生素E有8种亚型,共分2类:4种饱和类似物(α、β、γ、δ)称为生育酚及4种不饱和类似物(α、β、γ、δ)称为生育三烯酚。研究表明人类组织可以将生育三烯酚转化成生育酚[2,3]。生育酚主要存在于谷类、小麦、黄豆等中,生育三烯酚主要存在于大麦、燕麦、棕榈和米糠等中。生育酚和生育三烯酚的主要结构都为一个氢醌基团加上一条类异戊二烯侧链,两者的主要区别表现在生育酚的侧链为饱和脂肪酸,而后者的侧链是含三个双键的不饱和脂肪酸,分别位于3、7、11位置(图1)。截止目前,生育酚和生育三烯酚在分子治疗的靶点上存在差异鲜有报道。目前认为生育三烯酚是维生素E中功能最强的一类亚型,也是研究最多的一类亚型。因此,本文主要以生育三烯酚来介绍维生素E的药用机制。

图1生育酚和生育三烯酚的化学结构模式图

生育三烯酚和生育酚一样,大都以其抗氧化活性发挥功能,通过直接影响转录、翻译,翻译后水平或直接通过干预靶分子发挥效应。例如对src蛋白和β-羟[基]-β-甲[基]戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMG-CoA)等的调控就是通过直接干预完成的,而维生素E对炎性转录因子调控的基因以及死亡受体的干预则通过间接调控来完成。

大量研究表明:生育三烯酚具有抗氧化、抗增殖、促凋亡和抗炎等作用。①抗氧化活性是利用抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)[4,5]、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)琨氧化还原酶[6]、谷胱甘肽(GSH)过氧化物酶[7]等酶类通过灭活氧自由基[8]发挥作用;②抗增殖活性的介导是通过调整生长因子如血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)[9]、碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)[10]、组织生长因子β(TGF-β)[11]、表皮生长因子受体2(HER2/neu)[12]和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)[13]等发挥作用,细胞周期依赖性激酶(CDK2,CDK4,CDK6)及其抑制因子如p21、p27、p53[14,15]以及下调视网膜母细胞瘤(Rb)基因的磷酸化作用[15-17]同样也有抑制生长的作用;③促进凋亡则是通过激活细胞内和细胞外通路发挥作用,细胞外通路是通过包括死亡受体的激活[18]和通过启动半胱氨酸蛋白酶-8(caspase-8)对半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)的激活[19]来实现,细胞内通路包括线粒体去极化[20]和介导通过上调凋亡活化基因(Bax)[21,22],释放细胞色素酶C (cytC)[8,14,20,23,24]和半胱氨酸蛋白酶-9(caspase-9)的激活,最终引起半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase-3)的激活来实现的[14,20,25,26];④抗炎效应则是首先抑制核转录因子NF-κB[27],然后通过抑制肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)[27]、IL-1[28]、IL-6[29]、IL-8[30]、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)[31]和环氧合酶2 (COX2)[27,31-33]等发挥效应,生育三烯酚还可抑制信号转导因子和转录激活因子3(STAT3)信号通路抑制炎症反应[27,28],缺氧诱导因子-1(HIF-1)是另外一个与炎症相关的通路,受到生育三烯酚调变[30];⑤生育三烯酚通过抑制各种蛋白激酶,包括蛋白激酶C(PKC)[36,37]、PP60c-Src[37],核转录因子抑制性蛋白激酶(IkBa蛋白激酶)[38]、糖原合酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)[19],HMG-CoA还原酶来调变各种生物活性[39]。

总之,生育三烯酚通过对上述各种信号通路的调变在肿瘤、糖尿病、骨代谢、心血管疾病、神经系统疾病、免疫调变等方面起到重要作用。

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A

1004-2725(2016)01-0027-03

730030甘肃 兰州,兰州大学第二医院泌尿外科

盖琼燕,E-mail:1072053022@qq.com

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