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试论竞技能力系统的复杂性及其网络模型

2016-07-27仇乃民

山东体育学院学报 2016年4期

摘要:运动员的竞技能力系统是复杂性系统,复杂性是其基本属性。竞技能力系统中的体、技、战、心、智等众多构成要素之间相互联系、相互促进、相互制约交织在一起,构成一个立体性复杂网络结构,共同负责机体对不同外环境和内环境的运动训练适应与反应。竞技能力系统的整体性和复杂性研究需要从复杂网络开始。竞技能力复杂网络是竞技能力各要素的运动的自我调节形式,是研究竞技能力复杂性系统性质、功能和演化的基础。它将多变量、多层次、多目标的要素有机联系在一起,表达它们之间复杂的、动态的非线性关系。竞技能力复杂性网络理论模型势必会给竞技能力研究开辟一条新的路径。

关键词:运动训练;运动员;竞技能力;网络模型

中图分类号:G808.12 文献标识码:A 文章编号:10062076(2016)04010306

Abstract: Competitive ability system is a complex system, and its complexity is its basic attribute.In the competitive ability of the system, body athletic ability, technology, intelligence and other system linkage among many constituents with mutual promotion and mutual restraint intertwine together to form a threedimensional network structure, responsible for the body's movement to different external environment and internal environment adaptive response.Research on the complexity and integrity of competitive ability system needs to start from the complex network.Competitive ability complex network is the selfregulated form of the competitive ability, and it is the basis to study the nature, function and evolution of the complex system of competitive ability.It is a multivariable, multilevel, multiobjective element of the organic link, to express the complex, dynamic and nonlinear relationship between them.As a result, the competitive ability of the complex network theory model is bound to open up a new path for the research of competitive ability.

Key words: sports training; athlete; competitive ability system; simplicity; integrity; complexity; network model

近年来,随着人们对竞技能力探讨的不断深入,竞技能力结构问题成为人们研究的重要课题之一。国内外许多训练学专家和学者对此进行了广泛而深入研究,提出了各种各样的竞技能力结构理论模型,诸如“金字塔模型”“木桶模型”“双子模型”“合金模型”“复合理论模型”等,它们或独立或互为补充,有力推动了运动训练理论与实践的发展。然而,以上哪一种模型都无法充分解释与说明运动员的竞技能力在运动训练实践中的复杂性问题与现象,因为运动员竞技能力系统实际上是一个复杂性系统,复杂性是其本质属性。在运动训练实践中,竞技能力系统必然会不断涌现出许多不稳定性、突变性、不确定性、偶然性、难以预测性等复杂性现象与问题。……

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