高中华

[摘 要]《诗经·大雅·凫鹥》首句“泾”字，传本《郑笺》谓“水名”。清代学者段玉裁认为，该“泾”字与篇中“沙、渚、潨、亹一例”，今本《郑笺》“水名”为“水中”之误。本文依《诗经》及《周易》的书法体例，证实段说不误。或据误本《笺》语谓“泾为豳地之川，公刘国豳，故即所见以入咏”，断《凫鹥》为公刘时诗，恐难为的论。

[关键词]《凫鹥》；泾；《诗》；《易》；书法

[中图分类号]I2072 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1000-3541（2016）05-0001-04

Abstract： The handed down ZHENG Xuans annotation said that the meaning of Jing in Fu Yis first sentence was the name of Jing River. DUAN Yu-cai pointed out that the Jing， Sha， Zhu， Cong and Men in Fu Yi were the same of kind， the Jings meaning should be water flow， and the handed down ZHENG Xuans annotation was wrong. This paper proved that what DUAN Yu-cai said was right by analyzing the writing pattern of Shi Jing and Zhou Yi. The view which believed Fu Yi was written in GONG Lius time because the Jing River was bordering the national of GONG Liu might not be right.

Key words：Fu Yi； Jing； Shi Jing； Zhou Yi； writing pattern

《詩经·大雅·凫鹥》首句“凫鹥在泾”，前人有两种解释。一种解释认为，句中“泾”为水名。“凫鹥在泾”，指凫鹥游弋泾水之中。另一种解释认为，“泾”字意为水中。“凫鹥在泾”泛指凫鹥游戏水中。诗篇如下：

凫鹥在泾，公尸来燕来宁。尔酒既清，尔殽既馨。公尸燕饮，福禄来成。

凫鹥在沙，公尸来燕来宜。尔酒既多，尔殽既嘉。公尸燕饮，福禄来为。

凫鹥在渚，公尸来燕来处。尔酒既湑，尔殽伊脯。公尸燕饮，福禄来下。

凫鹥在潨，公尸来燕来宗。既燕于宗，福禄攸降。公尸燕饮，福禄来崇。

凫鹥在亹，公尸来止熏熏。旨酒欣欣，燔炙芬芬。公尸燕饮，无有后艰。[1]（pp.537-538）①

依据《郑笺》，诗篇记述周王于祭祀之后设宴谢尸。篇中陈说酒肴之丰备，正表明仪节的隆重。全篇五章，吟咏凫鹥在五种不同位置，以兴起公尸的相应行为或状态。诸章结构相同。

如上引可见，凫鹥所在分别为“泾”“沙”“渚”“潨”及“亹”。 “泾”字义训，如本文开篇所说，有两解。训为“水名”者，流经甘肃、陕西两省境内，为渭水支流，乃传本《笺》语之说，唐宋以来遵用之，见于孔颖达《疏》、朱熹《诗集传》等。至清代学者段玉裁始提出异议。他说：