戴　燕



《洛神赋》：从文学到绘画、历史

戴燕

摘要：《洛神赋》是三国时期曹植的作品，它本来只是曹植受宓妃传说启发、效仿《神女赋》而作，但由于自东晋以后，《洛神赋》也成为流行的书画题材，画家及观众的视角，使得对它的解读发生了改变。同时由于甄后之死，在魏明帝时代就是颇受关注的话题，融入很多想象，再与《洛神赋图》结合，便为《洛神赋》增添了传奇色彩，既赋予它“感甄”的内涵，也创造出一段爱的历史。

关键词：宓妃；神女；洛河之神；洛神赋图

“Rhapsody of the Goddess Luo”: From Literature to Painting and History

Dai Yan

“Rhapsody of the Goddess Luo” written by Cao Zhi during the Three Kingdoms period, was a work originally inspired by the legend of Consort Fu, and following the example of “Rhapsody of the Goddess”. Since this rhapsody became a popular theme of painting and calligraphy after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the interpretation of it also changed with the perspectives of the artists and audiences. Meanwhile, the death of Empress Zhen which had been drawing attention in the reign of Emperor Mingdi of Wei, was added to much imagination, and then combined with the “Painting of Rhapsody of the Goddess Luo”, thus brought more legendary sense to the rhapsody, which both endowed it the meaning of recalling Empress Zhen, and created a history of love.

一、问题缘起

魏文帝黄初四年(233)五月，雍丘王曹植奉命与白马王曹彪、任城王曹彰朝拜京都。曹植满心喜悦，把这次获命朝京的机会，比喻为“有若披浮云而睹白日，出幽谷而登乔木”*曹植：《谢入觐表》，赵幼文：《曹植集校注》，北京：人民文学出版社，1984年，第268页。。然而，当他“轮不辍运，鸾无废声”地抵达洛阳后*曹植：《应诏》，赵幼文：《曹植集校注》，第276页。，才发现事与愿违，到处碰壁。在洛阳期间，大雨滂沱，伊洛泛滥，建筑、道路被毁，最出乎意料的，还有曹彰的突然去世*陈寿：《三国志》卷二《魏书·文帝纪》，北京：中华书局，1982年，第83页。，两个月后，剩下他与曹彪返回各自的封国，又被禁止在路上同宿。这一趟省亲之旅彻底打破了他的幻想，他写下《赠白马王彪》的组诗，诉说自己千辛万苦赶到洛阳，不曾想“鸱枭鸣衡轭，豺狼当路衢。苍蝇间白黑，谗巧令亲疏”，因而倍感凄凉*曹植：《赠白马王彪诗》其三，赵幼文：《曹植集校注》，第296页。。在诗中，他于是流露出“太息将何为，天命与我违”的悲观以及“变故在斯须，百年谁能持”的幻灭情绪*曹植：《赠白马王彪诗》其五、其七，赵幼文：《曹植集校注》，第298、300页。……