江西 朱 玲 张人天

信息匹配法做阅读理解细节题

江西 朱 玲 张人天

《普通高中英语课程标准》对学生阅读的要求中提到“学生能从一般文章中获取和处理主要信息”。 秉承这一理念，每年高考英语阅读题的文章大都来自于国外的报纸或杂志，经过修改后成为考题，要求学生能分析处理含有较丰富的细节的文章，例如应用文、说明文。这类试题一般只针对文章中某一特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节；或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图形图表或地图来表示信息等。此类试题一般又可分为两类：一是直接理解题，答案可在原文中直接找到；二是词义转换题，答案是原文中有关词语和句子的转换，而不能在原文中直接找到。这类题主要是针对who，what，which，why，how，when，where等来提问的。

细节题主要考查文章中的某一个或几个细节，可以在文章中直接找到，进而判断该题目的正确答案。所以，做细节题的关键就在于如何在文中准确定位。一般来讲，我们需要先找题干中的关键词，如地名、人名、数字等这些不易被替代的词，它们很容易帮我们在文中找到它们出现的位置。如果没有关键词，就先用最简单的词概括题干大意，然后用这几个词去文章中找相关表达。通过信息匹配法解题不失为一个好办法。下面就以2015年高考题为例，详细解析如何用信息匹配法来解题，以期对考生有所裨益。

【全国新课标卷Ⅰ，A篇】

Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum

Our monthly talks start at 19∶30 on the first Thursday of each month except August.Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book.They end around 21∶00.

November 7th

The Canal Pioneers，by Chris Lewis.James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building.Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”.December 5th

Ice for the Metropolis，by Malcolm Tucker.Well before the arrival of freezers，there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering.Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells，and how London’s ice trade grew.

February 6th

An Update on the Cotswold Canals，by Liz Payne.The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening.The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer.We will have a report on the present state of play.

March 6th

Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands，by Miranda Vickers.The Thames has many islands.Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them.She will tell us about those of greatest interest.

Online bookings：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book

More into：www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson

London Canal Museum

12-13 New Wharf Road，London NI 9RT

www.canalmuseum.org.uk www.canalmuseum.mobi

Tel∶020 7713 0836

【分析】本文介绍了伦敦运河博物馆在11月，12月，2月和3月推出的四场专题讲座的具体日期，主要内容，演讲者的情况等。现将文中信息列表如下：

who will give the talk_______ November 7th on James Brindley the canal pio-_______________ neers______________________Chris Lewis December 5th ice ice for the me-_______________ tropolis____________________Malcolm Tucker time the talk on...the topic of the _______________ talk__________ a report on the present state of ____________ play______________________________________ February 6th an update on the Cotswold CanalsLiz Payne March 6th the islands in the ____________ Thames________ Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands _____________ Miranda Vickers

根据这份信息匹配表不难得出题目答案：21.C，22.D，23.A。

21.When is the talk on James Brindley？

A.February 6th.

B.March 6th.

C.November 7th.

D.December 5th.

22.What is the topic of the talk in February？

A.The Canal Pioneers.

B.Ice for the Metropolis.

C.Eyots and Aits—Thames Islands.

D.An Update on the Cotswold Canals.

23.Who will give the talk on the islands in the Thames？

A.Miranda Vickers.

B.Malcolm Tucker.

C.Chris Lewis.

D.Liz Payne.

【全国新课标卷Ⅱ，D篇】

Choose Your One-Day Tours

Tour A—Bath & Stonehengeincluding entrance fees to the ancient Roman bathrooms and Stonehenge—£37until 26 March and £39 thereafter.

Visit the city with over 2 000 years of history and Bath Abbey，the Royal Crescent and the Costume Museum.Stonehenge is one of the world’s most famous prehistoric monuments dating back over 5 000 years.

Tour B—Oxford & Stratfordincluding entrance fees to the University St Mary’s Church Tower and Anne Hathaway’s house—£32 until 12 March and£36 thereafter.

Oxford：Includes a guided tour of England’s oldest university city and colleges.Look over the “city of dreaming spires（尖顶）”form St Mary’s Church Tower.Stratford：Includes a guided tour exploring much of the Shakespeare wonder.

Tour C—Windsor Castle & Hampton Courtincluding entrance fees to Hampton Court Palace—£34 until 11 March and £37 thereafter.

Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court，HenryⅧ’s favourite palace.Free time to visit Windsor Castle（entrance fees not included）.With 500 years of history， Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen.Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.Visit the palace and its various historic gardens，which include the famous maze（迷宫） where it is easy to get lost!

Tour D—Cambridgeincluding entrance fees to the Tower of Saint Mary the Great—£33 until 18 March and £37 thereafter.

Includes a guided tour of Cambridge，the famous university town，and the gardens of the 18th century.

【分析】这是一篇应用文，介绍了英国几处风景名胜一日游的相关信息，现将信息匹配如下表：

______ what you will see _______fee __major attraction Tour A Bath&Stonehenge £37until 26 March and £39 thereafter the world’s most famous prehistoric ________________ monuments_______ Tour B Oxford&Stratford £32 until 12 March and£36 thereafter England’s oldest university city and _________________ colleges__________ Tour C Windsor Castle &Hampton Court this former royal palace is open to the public as a major _________________ tourist attraction___ £34 until 11 March and £37 thereafter the famous university town，and the gardens of the 18th ________________ century__________ Tour D Cambridge £33 until 18 March and £37 thereafter

根据这份信息匹配表不难得出题目答案：33.B，34.D，35.A。

33.Which tour will you choose if you want to see England’s oldest university city？

A.Tour A B.Tour B

C.Tour C D.Tour D

34.Which of the following tours charges the lowest fee on 17 March？

A.Windsor Castle & Hampton Court.

B.Oxford & Stratford.

C.Bath &Stonehenge.

D.Cambridge.

35.Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction？

A.It used to be the home of royal families.

B.It used to be a well-known maze.

C.It is the oldest palace in Britain.

D.It is a world-famous castle.

【天津卷，A篇】

University Room Regulations

Approved and Prohibited Items

The following items are approved for use in residential（住宿的）rooms∶ electric blankets，hair dryers，personal computers，radios，televisions and DVD players.Items that are not allowed in student rooms include∶ candles，ceiling fans，fireworks，waterbeds，sun lamps and wireless routers.Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.

Access to Residential Rooms

Students are provided with a combination（组合密码）for their room door locks upon check-in.Do not share your room door lock combination with anyone.The Office of Residence Life may change the door lock combination at any time at the expense of the resident if it is found that the student has shared the combination with others.The fee is $25 to change a room combination.

Cooking Policy

Students living in buildings that have kitchens are only permitted to cook in the kitchen.Students must clean up after cooking.This is not the responsibility of housekeeping staff.Kitchens that are not kept clean may be closed for use.With the exception of using a small microwave oven（微波炉）to heat food，students are not permitted to cook in their rooms.

Pet Policy

No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms.Students who are found with pets，whether visiting or owned by the student，are subject to an initial fine of $100 and a continuing fine of $50 a day per pet.Students receive written notice when the fine goes into effect.If，one week from the date of written notice，the pet is not removed，the student is referred to the Student Court.

Quiet Hours

Residential buildings must maintain an atmosphere that supports the academic mission of the University.Minimum quiet hours in all campus residences are 11∶00 pm to 8∶00 am Sunday through Thursday.Quiet hours on Friday and Saturday nights are 1∶00 am to 8∶00 am.Students who violate quiet hours are subject to a fine of $25.

【分析】本文介绍了大学住宿制度中的五项规定，包括允许和禁止的物品，宿舍的密码锁，做饭的政策，养宠物的政策和保持安静的时间规定，现将信息匹配如下：

electric blankets，hair dryers，personal computers，radios，televisions _________ and DVD players_________________ prohibited candles，ceiling fans，fireworks，wa-_________ terbeds，sun lamps and wireless routers approved items approved upon check-in____________________ combination for their room door share with others otherwise，the combination will be __________ changed_________________________ prohibited approved cook in the kitchen，using a small mi-__________ crowave oven （微波炉） to heat food__ cooking policy students are not permitted to cook in their rooms except using oven to heat _________ food___________________________ prohibited approved fish_____________________________ pet policy no pets except fish students who violate are subject to a _________ fine or even facing the Student Court__ prohibited 11∶00 pm to 8∶00 am Sunday through Thursday on Friday and Saturday nights are 1∶00 _________ am to 8∶00 am____________________ quiet hours

根据这份信息匹配表不难得出题目答案：36.D，37.A，38.A，39.C，40.D。

36.Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms？

A.Ceiling fans and waterbeds.

B.Wireless routers and radios.

C.Hair dryers and candles.

D.TVs and electric blankets.

37.What if a student is found to have told his combination to others？

A.The combination should be changed.

B.The office should be charged.

C.He should replace the door lock.

D.He should check out of the room.

38.What do we know about the cooking policy？

A.A microwave oven can be used.

B.Cooking in student rooms is permitted.

C.A housekeeper is to clean up the kitchen.

D.Students are to close kitchen doors after cooking.

39.If a student has kept a cat in his room for a week since the warning，he will face______.

A.parent visits

B.a fine of $100

C.the Student Court

D.a written notice

40.When can students enjoy a party in residences？

A.7∶00 am，Sunday.

B.7∶30 am，Thursday.

C.11∶30 pm，Monday.

D.00∶30 am，Saturday.

【安徽卷，A篇】

Welcome to the Electronic Village to explore new ways of language teaching and learning.

_____Electronic Village （Thursday，June 18，2015）____NearpodTEORoom 502 Our students come from different backgrounds but have the same desire to learn on-line.The presenter will use examples from his first online class to explain how any teacher __________________________ can begin teaching on-line with TEO.Kahoot9∶00 am to 10∶00 am2∶00 pm to 3∶00 pm Room 501 Nearpod is a software program that creates a rich context （ 语境） for students to learn vocabulary.The presenter will show how to use it.Room 602 Uses of Prezi in listening and speaking courses draw students’ attention to speaking more fluently.The presenter will show how students can use Prezi to confidently present on a variety of topics，including introducing family，friends，and __________________________ hobbies._______________________Prezi10∶30 am to 11∶30 am3∶30 pm to 4∶20 pmRoom 601 Kahoot software can be used to create grammar tests which can be graded on a network.It can provide students with instant feedback （反馈）， including reports about their strengths and weaknesses.

【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了Electronic Village项目提供的语言教学的四种安排，现将信息匹配如下：

_______time __room teaching&learning content Nearpod 9∶00am to 10∶00am Room 501 vocabulary____________ TEO 2∶00pm to 3∶00pm Room 502 on-line class___________ Kahoot 10∶30am to 11∶30am Room 601 grammar tests__________ Prezi 3∶30pm to 4∶20pm Room 602 speaking______________

根据这份信息匹配表不难得出题目答案：56.C，57.D，58.B，59.C。

56.Nearpod can be used to______.

A.offer grammar tests

B.teach listening on-line

C.help vocabulary learning

D.gain fluency in speaking

57.If you want to improve your speaking skills，you can go to______.

A.Room 501

B.Room 502

C.Room 601

D.Room 602

58.Which of the following can assess your grammar learning？

A.Nearpod.B.Kahoot.

C.TEO.D.Prezi.

59.A teacher who wants to learn on-line teaching is expected to arrive by______.

A.9∶00 am B.10∶30 am

C.2∶00 pm D.3∶30 pm

【福建卷，A篇】

Food festivals around the world

Stilton Cheese Rolling

May Day is a traditional day for celebrations，but the 2 000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four，dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw their cheese，or go into their competitors’ lane.Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos（disappointingly，but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones）.All the competitors arc served with beer or port wine，the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.

Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Earth

Every year more than 10 000 people head for the city of Albuquerque，New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China，but they all share acommon addiction—food that is not just spicy（辛辣），but hot enough to make your mouth burn，your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one thing’s for sure—if you don’t like the feeling of a burning tongue，this festival isn’t for you!

La Tomatina—The World’s Biggest Food Fight

On the last Wednesday of every August，the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatina—the world’s largest food fight.A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the week’s events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoes—official fightstarters get things going by casting tomatoes at the crowd.

The battle lasts little more than half an hour，in which time around 50 000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves，runs，or fights back.Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends again—and for a much-needed wash!

【分析】本文介绍了世界上独具特色的几个食品节的情况，现将信息匹配如下：

time place person detailsStilton Cheese RollingMay Day Stilton，England English villagers of Stilton competitors wear a variety of strange and funny clothes，roll a complete cheese along a 50-metre course.On the way，they must not kick or throw their cheese，or go into their competitors’ lane.The cheeses used in the race are wooden ones.Fiery Foods Festival—The Hottest Festival on Eartha period of three days every March New Mexico people from New Mexico，as far away as Australia，the Caribbean and China You might like to try a chocolate-covered habanero pepper—officially the hottest pepper in the world—or any one of the thousands of products that are on show.La Tomatina—The World’s Biggest Food FightOn the last Wednesday of every August，A weeklong celebration the Spanish town of Bunol people from Spain an exciting tomato battle is the highlight of the week’s events.

根据这份信息匹配表不难得出题目答案：56.B，57.A，58.B，59.C。

56.In the Stilton cheese rolling competition，competitors on each team must______.

A.wear various formal clothes

B.roll a wooden cheese in their own lane

C.kick or throw their cheese

D.use a real cheese weighing about four kilos

57.Where is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival held？

A.In New Mexico.

B.In the Caribbean.

C.In Australia.

D.In China.

58.The celebration of La Tomatina lasts_____.

A.three days

B.seven days

C.less than three days

D.more than seven days

59.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage？

A.The chief prize for the Stilton cheese rolling competition is beer or port wine.

B.More than 10 000 Chinese take part in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

C.Thousands of spicy foods are on show in the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival.

D.An exciting tomato battle takes place at the beginning of La Tomatina.

（作者单位：江西省赣州市南康中学）