玉苏甫·买买提+艾萨迪拉·玉苏甫

摘 要：根据实地考察和相关参考资料，运用历史文献和统计分析方法，对新疆白刺属植物的空间分布、生物学特性及生态效益进行了研究分析。结果显示：（1）白刺属植物全世界有12种，中国有8种，其中新疆有6种，分别为泡果白刺、大果白刺、白刺、帕米尔白刺、西伯利亚白刺、唐古特白刺，主要分布于塔里木盆地西部，准噶尔盆地和吐鲁番盆地的山前洪冲积扇的扇缘带，湖盆边缘及荒漠河流沿岸阶地；（2）新疆白刺属植物灌木或小灌木，高0.5～2m，树皮灰白色，枝端成刺状；托叶细小，单叶互生，肉质，全缘，长10～25mm，宽2～5mm；花小，两性花，雌雄同株，顶生聚伞花序，白色或淡黄色；花数5，雄蕊10～15，子房上位；浆果状核果，种子1粒；（3）白刺植物分枝多，枝茎机械组织和根系发达，被沙土埋覆后能产生大量不定根，从而形成白刺沙堆，可拦截流沙，降低地下水位及土壤盐分含量，改善立地土壤的理化性状；白刺属植物是在塔里木和准噶尔盆地严酷的自然生态条件下生态造林理想的灌木种之一。

关键词：白刺属植物；空间分布；生物学特性；生态效益

中图分类号 Q949 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-7731（2015）12-28-04

Spatial Distribution of Nitraria in Xinjiang and its Biological Characteristics

Yusup.Mamat et al.

（School of Geographic Science and Tourism，Xinjiang Normal University，Urumqi 830054， China）

Abstract：According to fieldwork and related references，this paper conducted an in-depth analysis on classification of genus Nitraria plants，biological characteristics，distribution patterns and its ecological benefits using historical documents and statistical analysis. Results show that：（1）Genus Nitraria plants have 12 species in the world，Chinese has 8 and Xinjiang has 6，which are Nitraria sphaerocarpa，Nitraria roborowskii，Nitraria schoberi，Nitraria pamirica，Nitraria sibirica，Nitraria tangutorum，mainly distributed in the Western Tarim Basin，piedmont diluvial alluvial fans in Junggar basin，fan belt of Turpan basin and lake basin and along the edge of the river terraces in desert；（3）Genus Nitraria shrubs in Xinjiang have following characteristics，0.5～2m tall，bark hoar and spiny branch ends； they have small stipules ，alternate leaves ，fleshy and entiremargin ，10～25mm long and 2～5mm wide； small and bisexual flowers，monoecious，terminal cymes，white or pale yellow flowers； number of flowers is 5，stamens 10～15，ovary superior； berrylike drupe and 1 seeds；（3）Genus Nitraria plants havemany branches，mechanical tissue of stems and roots are developed ，can produce a large number of adventitious roots after buried by sand，thus the formation of Nitraria sand can intercept the quicksand，reduce the content of salt water and soil，improve soil physical and chemical results； under the harsh natural ecological conditions of Tarim and Junggar basin，genus Nitraria plants are one of the ideal ecological afforestation species.

Key words：Nitraria plants；Spatial distribution；Biological characteristics；Ecological benefits

白刺植物为超旱生或旱生灌木或小灌木，是中亚大陆荒漠地带的典型景观植物，也是荒漠区系灌木层片中优势种或建群种之一。在我国，主要分布于西北及北部降水稀少的干旱荒漠和半荒漠地区，是内蒙古、甘肃和新疆一带荒漠植被的重要建群种之一[1-3]。白刺植物具有耐干旱、耐盐碱的特点，可作为戈壁、沙漠地区防风固沙的优良树种，对沙源地绿化、流动沙丘固定以及铁路、公路、农田、草原、村镇的保护都能起到其它灌木无法替代的作用，具有不可估量生态价值[4-6]。……