王静

一、基本方法

1.查读：即根据问题设置，带着问题浏览文章，直接查寻符合问题答案的阅读方法。这对猜测词意类题型非常有用。

2.略读：即根据已读文章，结合问题，简略阅读文章，以确认所选答案的正确性。

3.速读：即快速阅读文章，掌握文章大意，判断某类事件是否在文章中有相关陈述。

4.细读：仔细阅读文章，认真进行推敲，判断作者的真实意图及所持的情感态度。

二、答题步骤

1.略读全文，掌握大意

运用速读法，不必花费过多时间，要在短时间内达到这两个目的：识别文体，掌握结构;了解文章的主旨大意。

提示：要特别注意文章的开头和结尾，因为这两个地方通常是文章的主题句和中心所在。

2.先看试题，跳读文章

仔细阅读试题的题干和四个选项，了解题目的题型和考查内容，有目的地查看文章。题目问第几段，第几段就是信息区。猜词义、猜句意的题目，答案就在该词、该句的前后。

提示：试题的设置通常也是按照文章的先后顺序排列的，如命题者一般不会把答案出现在文章末尾的题目放在开头提问。

3.仔细审题，细读重点

长难句的处理方式：关键在于抓主干，确定句子的主要成分，即主语、谓语、宾语。生词的处理方式：如果遇到非解题关键的生词，只需知道这词是人名、地名或是什么词性等即可;如果遇到影响解题的生词，可通过上下文语境去推测词意。

提示：阅读时如果遇到生词，应先跳过去，切忌长时间死抠生词，更不要逐词翻译，造成前后脱节，影响对全文大意的理解。

三、攻略篇

题型一：主旨大意题

主旨大意类试题要求对文章的整体或局部段落进行分析、概括，从而归纳出该部分内容的中心思想（main idea）、文章的主题（subject）和作者的写作目的（purpose）、态度（attitude）、标题（title）等。

1.常见的设题方式

①The main idea of the story/passage/text is ________.（中心思想）

②What is the passage mainly about？（中心思想）

③The passage mainly focuses on________. （主题）

④The text is mainly written to explain________. （主题）

⑤The passage is intended to ________.（作者目的）

⑥What is the main purpose of the passage？ （作者目的）

⑦What is the authors attitude toward______ according to the passage？（作者态度）

⑧Which of the following can be the best title of this passage？（标题）

2.解题关键：对于主旨大意题，寻找主题句是解题的关键

（1）寻找主题句的4个技巧：

①重复：作者有意识地重复的观点通常为文章的主题。反复出现的单词，通常是体现文章主题的关键词。快速浏览文章，使用“重复”法解答主旨大意题，此法常需要结合题意综合作答。

②转折：首段中出现转折词时，其后的内容很可能是文章的主题句。转折词有but，however，unlike，yet，while，although等。

③疑问句：首段如果出现疑问句，则该问题的答句很可能是文章的主题句。

④标志词：提出文章主题时常伴有以下标志词，这些词后面的内容很可能就是文章的主题句，如in summary，in a word，as a result，finally，in fact，therefore，thus，in short，in conclusion等。标志词通常出现在文首或结尾处。

（2）主题句须排除5种错误：

①以偏概全：答案只涉及某一部分的内容，并非全文。

②断章取义：以文中的个别信息充当全文的主要观点。

③扩大主题：将文章主题的内涵与外延扩大。

④偷梁换柱：把属于A的特征加到B上，混淆考生。

⑤无中生有，似是而非：使用文章出现过的关键词，但与文章内容并没有直接联系。

【案例1】

Saying sorry isnt always enough to earn forgiveness but you have more chances of getting your message across if you speak into someones right ear， research indicates. Scientists found that when we are angry， the right ear becomes more receptive to sound than the left. The discovery has led to the theory that by targeting the right ear the penitent（悔罪者，道歉者） are more likely to succeed in talking someone round. Researchers came to the conclusion after carrying out hearing tests on 30 young men who had been worked up into a fury. The participants were given a folder of hostile statements to read to anger them， while scientists observed their heart rates， blood pressure and testosterone（荷尔蒙） levels rise.

The main idea of the paragraph is________.

A . apologies go down better through right ear

B. why the penitent usually target the right ear（偷梁换柱）

C. what the scientists do to carry out the experiment（以偏概全）

D. which ear is more important to say sorry to others（扩大主题）

【解析】答案为A。下划线标出的内容为主题句，意思是：一声“对不起”往往不足以求得别人的原谅，但一项最新的研究表明，如果这声“对不起”是对着对方的右耳说，对方会更容易接受。接下来文章论述了与这一研究有关的一些细节信息。B项是关于为什么道歉人对着对方的右耳道歉，偷梁换柱。C项是关于科学家为了做这项实验做了哪些事情，明显犯了断章取义的错误。D项是对于别人的道歉，哪只耳朵更重要，明显扩大了文章的概念。只有A项与文章所述的内容相契合，为本段主题句。

【案例2】

The Green movement is catching on in many parts of the world. This is especially true in the construction industry. Today's buzz words， which include global warming and zero emissions， are causing everyday people to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Purchasing property that is environmentally responsible is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth. Based on this trend， entire districts， known as eco-communities， are being designed with green initiatives in mind. Dockside Green in Victoria， BC is one of these communities. Its goal is to become the worlds first zero emissions neighborhood.

What might be the best title for the paragraph？（   ）

A. A Common City in Canada （主题扩大）

B. A Zero-emission Building （偷梁换柱）

C. An Environmental Charity  （无中生有）

D. A Future Green Community-Dockside Green

【解析】本题选D项。下划线标出的内容为主题句。A项意为“加拿大的普通城市”，所归纳、概括的范围过大。B项是“零排放的大楼”，原文是“零排放的社区”，偷换了概念。C项意为“对环境有益的慈善机构”，明显犯了无中生有的错误，只有选项D“Dockside Green—一个未来的绿色社区”与文章所述内容相契合，为本段落主题句。

题型二：推理判断题

推理判断类试题要求考生在通篇理解文章表面文字信息的基础上，对文章的隐含意义和深层内涵做出推理和判断。推理判断题一般是根据文章的表面文字信息进一步推理出答案，并不涉及太过复杂的判断。解答推理判断题，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，紧扣主旨，根据已知的内容推断未知的内容，不能凭空想象。

1.常见的设题方式

①It can be inferred from the text that________.

②The passage suggests that________.

③We can conclude from the paragraph that ________.

④From the passage we can draw a conclusion that________.

⑤Which of the following can be inferred from the passage？

⑥This text is most probably taken from a ________.

2.典型错误项的特点

①照抄原文：干扰项为文中原句，但并非推断出的内容。

②主观臆断：答案符合常识，却不是基于文章做出的推断。

③文不对题或答非所问：干扰项中有文章出现过的关键词，但与文章内容并没有直接的联系。

④以偏概全：干扰项只涉及某一部分的内容，并非全文。

⑤出现绝对化的词汇：如all（全部），always（总是），complete（完全的），entire（全部的），only（只有），just（只是）。

【案例3】

International teams have spent nearly half a year looking for evidence of the missing Malaysian Airlines plane， a search that includes the hunt for the aircraft so-called black box， which holds flight data that would likely explain what caused MH370 to move away from its course. But many aviation experts wonder why， in our increasingly networked world， divers are searching the Indian Ocean for a metal box when technology already exists that would enable planes to stream black box data to the ground in the event of an emergency.

Black boxes have been on planes since the late 1950s， and now every commercial aircraft has two： a flight data recorder and a voice recorder. （Although they are referred to as black boxes， they are typically orange in color， making them easier to spot in waters.） Black box recorders are mainly used to investigate the cause of in-flight accidents.

While black boxes are built to survive a crash and long-term submersion （浸没） in water， it can be a real challenge to find the device if a plane has gone down in the ocean. While each box contains a beacon （无线电信标台） ， the unit only has enough battery power to transmit a signal for 30 days. After the crash of Air France Flight 447 in the Atlantic Ocean in June 2009， it took divers two years to find the black box.

Pierre Jeanniot， a Canadian engineer who helped perfect black box technology about 40 years ago， feels that the device， in its current form， is “obsolete”. He started to question its effectiveness more than a decade ago， after seeing the broken pieces of the black boxes in the 2001 attacks on the World Trade towers in New York. Jeanniot is now on the advisory board of a Toronto-based firm that has built a live-streamed black box system. When a plane experiences an irregular event， the system can send streaming data off the aircraft to one of the satellites and then down to ground-based servers， where the message is interpreted and sent to the airline. It seems necessary that the loss of MH370 and other similar cases wake more people up to the fact that the tools being used at this stage are inadequate for dealing with emergency situations， Jeanniot says. He also estimates that if this technology had been on board the missing Malaysian Airlines flight and live-streaming for the estimated seven hours after the flight first experienced a problem， it would have cost about $3，000.

While there is widespread approval of a live-streamed black box system， most airlines see its cost prohibitive（高得买不起的）. The airline industry is an industry with small profits， and is reluctant to add costs that will further cut the bottom line.

However， given how much time， money and effort has been spent on the luckless search for MH370， s black box， the cost of operating a live-streaming version seems like a trifle（区区小数）.

From the passage， we can learn that（  ）

A. it takes divers one or two years to find the black box after a crash（以偏概全）

B. the new system does not live stream black box data for the whole flight

C. Jeanniot changed his view on black box technology when working for a Canadian firm （断章取义）

D. operating a live-streamed black box system costs only three thousand dollars（出现表述绝对化的词汇）

【【解析】答案选B。国际搜救队花了半年时间寻找马航飞机失踪的证据，其中包括寻找飞机上的黑匣子。黑匣子记载着飞行数据，它或许可以解释为何飞机会偏离航道那么远。许多航天专家百思不得其解，在当今不断发展的互联网时代，在紧急情况下，飞机能够发送黑匣子数据到地面的技术已存在时，搜救人员竟然到印度洋搜寻一盒金属黑匣子。A、C选项均为内容错误，D选项出现绝对化的词汇only，而文章倒数第二段画线部分则说航空公司觉得安装黑匣子系统的费用太高，买不起。由第一段but 后面的句子可知， “新的系统只在紧急情况下才能使飞机发送黑匣子数据到地面”，与B项“新的系统并不是整个飞行过程中一直在发送及时数据到地面”相吻合。

题型三：猜测词义类试题

猜词能力是阅读理解的一项重要能力，历年高考都会考查考生对文中关键词含意（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解，而且所考查的单词或短语的含意往往不是其字面意思，要根据语境进行综合推断才能得出答案。

1.常见的设题方式

①What is the meaning of ... in this passage？

②The underlined word in the first paragraph probably means________.

③The underlined word “them” in paragraph 2 refers to ________.

④By saying...，the author means ________.

⑤The underlined word ... could best be replaced by_____.

⑥Which word has the same meaning as the word ... in the passage？

2.猜测词义的常用方法

考生可以根据构词法知识、上下文指代关系、逻辑关系（转折、对比、因果）和例证进行猜测。

①根据定义猜测词义。如果生词由一个句子或段落来定义，那么理解这个句子或段落即可推断出词义，常用的谓语动词有be，mean，deal with，define，be considered to be，be called，represent，refer to等。

②根据复述推测词义。在复述中构成同位关系的两部分内容常用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号，表示同位语关系的词汇一般有or，similarly，that is to say，in other words，namely，say等。

③根据对比关系猜测词义。在一个句子或段落中，如果有对两个事物或现象的对比性描述，此时我们就可以根据生词的反义词猜测它的意思。表示对比关系的词汇、短语和句子结构主要有unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast，while等引导的并列句。

④通过比较关系猜测词义。同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，表示比较关系的词汇和短语主要有similarly，like，just as，also，as well as等。

⑤根据因果关系猜测词义。在句子或段落中，若两个事物或现象之间构成因果关系，考生可以根据这种逻辑关系来推断生词词义。

⑦根据构词法猜测词义。即利用前缀、后缀、复合、派生等构词法知识判断生词的词义。

【案例4】

Most women in Ghana—— the educated and illiterate， the urban and rural， the young and old work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence， self-reliance， and hard work is well known and well deserved.

Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “illiterate”（  ）

A. repeat         B. reiterated     C. uneducated       D. sick

【解析】这段文字主要讲述加纳这个非洲国家女性的情况，受过教育的（educated）和没有受过教育的（illiterate）、住在城市的（urban）和住在农村的（rural）、年轻的（young）和年长的（old）正好都是一对反义词。因此选 C 项。

【案例5】

As we walked up to her， my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical equipment. He said he was just too scared to go up to her.

The underlined word "intimidated" in the fourth paragraph probably means ________.

A. astonished   B. struck   C. frightened   D. excited

【解析】该例中intimidated明显是一个生词，但是根据后面一句“他说他太害怕而不敢走近她”可知，我的儿子被血和医疗设备吓到了。由此可推测出intimidated意为“害怕”“被吓到”。

题型四：细节理解题

细节理解题在阅读理解中是出现频率最高的类型，主要考查考生对材料中某些特定细节的理解和判断能力。

1.常见的设题方式

细节理解题通常在原文中便可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why，how和how many等引导的特殊疑问句进行提问，除此之外，还有以下常见的设题方式：

①What do we learn about  ________？（某人/某事物的细节）

②Which of the following statements is TRUE/FALSE according to the passage /text？（是非判断）

③Which of the following isnt mentioned？（是非判断）

④Which of the following is the correct order of...？（排序）

⑤The reason for...is________ （询问原因）

2.细节理解题的选项特征

①正确选项的特征：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词;变换原句中一些词语的词性，或者改变原句的语态;把原文中的复杂语句进行简化、概括;正话反说，把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项。

②错误选项的特征：将原文内容扩大或缩小;把原文中的限定词去掉或替换;无中生有，即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未提及;偷梁换柱，把属于B事物的特征放在A事物上;文不对题，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，属于原文中的一个细节，但该选项可能不能回答题干的问题，从而造成混淆。

【案例6】

How are the students affected？

Foremost， we must examine the impact a year-round school schedule has on the people it most affects-the students. The National Summer Learning Association supports the claim that students really do forget or unlearn things they have learned when too much t time off is given between classroom sessions. A study released in 2007 by The Ohio State University， however， found that there are really no differences in learning between students who attend school year-round， and those who are on a traditional schedule.

Compared to students in traditional schools， those in the year-round schools ____.

A. perform better and learn more

B. hold more classes and have more weeks off

C. have much less time for relaxation every year

D. have the same academic performance

【解析】答案为D。A 、C选项文中未提及，B选项前后矛盾。由 however后面的内容可知，传统学习日程和一整年学习的学生的学习表现没有不同，D项是原句的同义句改写。

【案例7】

Soot （煤烟） and ash can be removed by electrostatic precipitators （静电吸尘器）. Unfortunately， they use large amounts of electricity， and the electrical energy， which is hardly affordable for most of us， has to come from somewhere. Fly ash removed from the air has to be put on the land or water， although it could be used in some way.

The elimination（去除）of sulfur dioxide（二氧化硫） is more difficult. Low—sulfur coal is rare and expensive. Although sulfur can be washed from finely pulverized （粉末化） coal， the process is expensive. There are also processes for changing dirty coal into clean liquid and gaseous fuels. These processes may hold promise for the future， but they are too expensive to compete economically with other fuels at present. They also waste a part of the coals energy.

What does the author mainly want to say in the last two paragraphs？（  ）

A. The technology to remove air pollution is only currently in development

B. Society must be prepared to spend whatever it takes to eliminate air pollution.

C. Air pollution control is too costly to be achieved at the current time.

D. Pollution can be controlled using man-made scientific techniques.

【解析】答案为C。第一段主要讲述利用静电除尘器可以净化空气中的煤烟和灰尘，但这需要大量的电，因此大多数人负担不起。第二段说明了二氧化硫可以通过煤炭粉末化被洗去，但工艺流程极其昂贵，也有把脏煤变成液体和气体燃料的工艺流程，但这些工艺目前还没有实现的可能。

A选项意为“除去空气污染的技术当前正在开发中”， B选项意为“科学家们愿意不顾一切代价来去除空气污染”，文章未提及，无信息支撑，D选项意为“污染可通过科学技术来控制”。根据题干中the author mainly want to say可知，题目是考查文章的观点，而非考生的观点。根据画线部分的词可知，是推测作者想要表达的意思，故选项C为正确答案。

附：常见题型的解题口诀

主旨大意不用怕，灵活寻读意义大。归纳浓缩定标题，依据主旨识目的。

细节判断虽麻烦，掌握方法最关键。语义表达纵转换，准确定位不臆断。

判断推理难度大，深层隐含均有它。定性定量巧推断，把握基调揣情感。

词义猜测虽不难，掌握方法也关键。上下左右细查看，准确判断笑开颜。