李吉远++谢业雷

摘 要：自明代始陆续在一些军事著作及大型类书中有关于武术器械及拳术的记载，并出现了真正意义上的武术专著。以明代武术文献为基础对明代武术发展进行考查，梳理出明代刀法、剑法、棍法、枪法、武术杂器械及拳法特征。从武术文献梳理发现，中国武术无论是冷兵器时代的军阵武艺，还是明代中晚期的民间武术，武术器械技艺是中国武术的主流，明代中晚期至清代拳法跃居诸艺之冠，并成为拳种及流派的统称。

关 键 词：民族传统体育；武术；历史文献；明代

中图分类号：G852 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1006-7116（2015）01-0113-05

Wushu development in the Ming dynasty

——Based on the study of Wushu classic books

LI Ji-yuan1，XIE Ye-lei2

（1.School of Physical Education and Health，Hangzhou Normal University，Hangzhou 310036，China；

2.Wushu College，Shanghai Sports University，Shanghai 200438，China）

Abstract： Only since the Ming dynasty， there were Wushu instrument and Chinese boxing records in some military works and large books occasionally， and true Wushu monographs appeared. By using Wushu literature in the Ming dynasty， the authors examined Wushu development in the Ming dynasty， and collated information regarding spectacular， accomplished blade skills， sword skills hidden among folks and kept overseas， spectacular， witty cudgel skills， lasting， competitive spear skills， miscellaneous， structurally odd instruments， and boxing skills for fighting to be No.1 and development， which were all used in the Ming dynasty. From their Wushu literature collation， the authors revealed the following findings： in Chinese Wushu， no matter military martial arts in the cold weapon age， or folk Wushu in the mid and late Ming dynasty， Wushu instrument artistry was the mainstream of Chinese Wushu； from the mid and late Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty， boxing became the champion of all sorts of martial arts， and became the general designation of boxing types and schools.

Key words： traditional national sports；Wushu；history literature；Ming dynasty

武术古籍是我国古代文献典籍特殊的领域，是具有很高学术价值和现实价值的民族文化遗产[1]318。据当代武术史学者马明达对中国武术古籍文献的研究，不包括射箭、蹴鞠、弹弓、摔跤类图书，我国古籍总数约40多种。其中除《纪效新书》、《手臂录》和太极拳的部分资料曾点校出版外，只有数量极少的明清刊本和抄本存世，其中至少有一半是人所罕知的孤本。如果再扩大一下，以我国传统的“武艺”（民族体育的主体）为中心，把射箭、蹴鞠等图书收纳进来，再加上诸如棋类、游艺类图书，总的数量当在70多种左右。如果再把武术院保存的“挖掘整理”成果中，确有价值的部分和民间新的发现包括进来，总数可接近八九十种。这是对现存我国古代民族传统体育文献基本情况的粗略估计，但相差不远[1]322。由此可知，我国有关武术文献可谓珍稀，汉代以前的有关手搏等武术古籍文献均已佚失，五代末宋初人调露子所著的《角力记》为目前所知最早武术文献。……