激光熔覆工艺研究现状及发展
2015-06-09杨晓倩等
杨晓倩等



摘要: 激光熔覆技术不仅可以在低成本的金属基体上制备耐磨、耐蚀、耐高温氧化等特殊性能的熔覆层,提高关键部件表面的性能,还适用于局部有磨损、氧化及腐蚀等零件的修复,可有效降低成本。传统激光熔覆工艺面临着熔覆层开裂敏感性高,易产生气孔等棘手问题。在选定基体材料和熔覆材料的基础上,一般通过优化熔覆工艺等来控制熔覆层缺陷,近年来辅加电磁搅拌、超声波、机械振动等新的熔覆工艺也有了较快的发展,同时激光熔覆高效化和精密化的要求也不断提高。从激光器的发展、熔覆工艺及进展、激光熔覆缺陷及控制和发展前景等方面概述了近年来国内外激光熔覆工艺的研究现状,对于推动其发展具有重要意义。
关键词: 复合熔覆工艺;激光器;缺陷与控制;高效化
中图分类号: TG159.99
Abstract: Laser cladding technique can make a special performance on the surface of lowcost metal substrate, such as wear resistance, corrosion resistance and high temperature antioxidation, in order to improve the properties of key components.As for the repair of critical parts, it would effectively reduce the costs. But the traditional laser cladding process has a high cracking sensitivity, and lightly brings pores. Once base and cladding materials be selected, the defects can be avoided by optimizing cladding process. In recent years, electromagnetic stirring, ultrasonic, mechanical vibration and other new cladding processes have a rapid development, meanwhile the requirement of efficiency and precision are rising. In this paper, recent developments of laser devices and cladding processes are summarized. Besides, the existing problems and the corresponding solutions are discussed. Finally, the trend of research in the future is forecasted. And promoting the growth of laser cladding process is of great significance.
Key words: composite cladding process; laser device; defects and control; high efficiency
0 前言
激光熔覆技术兴于20世纪70年代,是通过不同的添料方式,并利用高能密度激光束使基材表面添加熔覆材料与基材表层一起快速熔凝,形成与基材表面冶金结合良好涂层的表面改性技术。与传统的化学热处理(渗氮、渗碳、渗金属)、电镀、堆焊、喷涂等相比,该技术具有熔覆层晶粒细小、结构致密及稀释率低等一系列优点,目前在航空航天、模具、石油化工等行业成为表面工程领域研究发展的热点。
激光熔覆是一个复杂的物理、化学冶金过程,传统的熔覆工艺面临着熔覆层开裂敏感性高,易产生气孔及效率较低等问题。……