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there be的“非谓”态

2015-05-25周童瑜

求学·理科版 2015年5期
关键词:介词谓语宾语

周童瑜, 南京大学博士,南京大学风云人物,托福满分获得者,英语之巅创始人。

there be结构,我们从小时候学英语就开始接触了,老师会教我们说“There is a pencil on the desk”。即使到了大学,there be结构给我们的印象也不是特别难的语法点。但在近几年的高考(含模拟考试)中,频频出现there be结构融入一些特定句式中变身非谓语状态的情况, 使there be结构瞬间在语法中变成一个难点,让一众考生飞奔相告。

there be结构的“非谓”态,主要有两种:

第一种:there to be

there to be是there be结构的非谓语形式之一,它在句中主要是用作动词宾语、状语或介词for的宾语。

1.做动词宾语,其主要搭配let, like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, plan, expect, consider等动词。如:I don't want there to be an argument about this. I expect there to be no argument about this. 这种动词后面跟there to be的用法,在近几年的考题中频频出现,且对没有复习到的考生而言,是一个极大的难点。

例1 If space goes on infinitely far, why would we expect to be copies of all of us out there?

A.it B. that C. which D. there

【解析】此题选D项。动词expect可以搭配there be结构的非谓语形式,变成expect there to be,意为“期望有什么”,与题意最吻合。

需要提醒考生的是,在上述常见的动词搭配中,let是个特例,let与there to be搭配时,要省略to。除此之外,还存在let there be something这一习惯用法,此习惯用法的肯定式let there be something可用于表示希望或愿望,其否定式let there be no something则表示强调。如:Let there be peace on earth. Let there be no lies between us.

例2 Let no doubt that this was an attack on the whole team.

A. there is B. there be C. there being D. there to be

【解析】此题选B项。A项there is填入会出现let和is两个谓语,不符合语法规则,C项let there being不符合let there be的用法,be需要省略to且须是原形,同理可排除D项。只有B项符合let there be something的习惯用法,全句意思为“毫无疑问,这是对整个团队的一次攻击”,表示强调。

2.与介词for搭配,担任其宾语或状语或主语。如:They asked for there to be another meeting. 在这个句子中,there to be结构充当for的介词宾语。而there to be做主语时,则常常用于由it充当形式主语的从句结构,且需要for来搭配。如:It was strange for there to be so few people in the church. 需要注意的是,there to be只能做介词for的宾语,其他介词我们需要用there be结构的第二种非谓语形态,下文详述。先看两道例题:

例3 The investment company planned on another discussion which will commence next day at eleven oclock and close at two precisely.

例4 The investment company planned for another discussion which will commence next day at eleven oclock and close at two precisely.

A. there to be B. there be

C. there being D. there having

【解析】例3选择C项。受到介词on的影响,我们不能再直接使用there be的原形,因为be动词受到on的影响必须加ing,故首先排除B项,全句意思是“投资公司计划明天11点再开展一次讨论,且讨论会在下午两点准时结束”。表示何时何地存在某物,没有there have这样的用法,故排除D项。A、C两项,根据there be结构非谓语形态的语法规则,A项只能做介词for的宾语,故排除A项,最终确定答案为C项。

例4选择A项。受到介词for的影响,理由同例3,我们同样率先排除B项,D项也紧接着排除。A、C两项,根据there be结构非谓语形态的语法规则,看到介词for,我们立即就可以根据for there to be的固定搭配,锁定答案为A项。

第二种:there being

there being是there be结构的第二种非谓语形式,它在句中主要被用作主语、状语或者介词宾语。

1.担任主语或状语。如:There being a bus stop so near the house is a great convenience.在这个句子中,there being充当句子的主语。there being充当句子的状语时,则稍微复杂一些,会涉及there being的两种形式:一般式there being和完成式there having been。这两种形式都可以充当状语,只不过there having been更强调时间先后。

例5 no rain for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water.

A. Being B. There was

C. To be no rain D. There having been

【解析】此题选择D项。句子意思是“由于长时间没有下雨,大部分庄稼因缺水而枯萎了”。如果选择A项,being动词的逻辑主语就变成了most of the crops,等于在说most of the crops are no rain,这会让人不明所以;若选B项,则不符合句子只有一个主干的根本特性;C项结构本身就是一个错误。

需要注意的是,there being在句中充当状语时,有时可以与对等的状语从句进行相互转换。如:There being nothing else to do, I went to bed. 该句中的there being充当全句的原因状语,此时该句可以与原因状语从句进行转换,变成As there is nothing else to do, I went to bed. 再看另外一句:There being another chance, Ill do it better. 该句中there being则充当全句的条件状语,此时该句可以与条件状语从句进行转换,变成If there is another chance, I will do it better.

2.担任介词(除for之外)宾语。如:We were annoyed at there being so much noise around.

例6 There is now some hope of a settlement of the dispute.

A. there be B. there being C. there to be D. being

【解析】 此题选B项。there be受到介词of的影响,be动词需要加ing。D项不能表示“存在”这个概念,不符合句意;C项可用于介词for之后,但不能用于其他介词之后,也可以排除。

为了让考生充分认识到there be做介词宾语和there being做介词宾语的区别,我们再来看两道例题:

例7 Considering the risks, they arranged for _________ another field trip.

A. there be B. there being C. there to be D. there was

例8 For there ______ successful communication, there must be concentration and involvement in the debate itself by all present.

A. is B. to be C. will be D. being

【解析】在例7中,看到介词for,立即锁定答案C项。为什么?因为题目很明显是考查there be结构的“非谓”态,there to be与for天生绝配,其他三项不符合语法规范。例8看起来难度较大,其实也只是纸老虎,只要记住介词for只“偏爱”there to be,就知道B项才是正确答案。

最后,再分享一下记忆there to be 和there being做动词宾语的方法。比如说,imagine后面跟there being还是there to be呢?答案很明显,想象做某事,我们都是说imagine doing sth,那想象有什么自然就是imagine there being了。多发现,多比较,语法的世界中,你也可以是“任我行”。

文科版推荐:

主谓一致一直都是高考语法题的杀手之一,就近原则虽然是老生常谈,但考生经常傻傻分不清楚,就远原则到底有什么内容?以及闻所未闻的忽远忽近原则,尽在文科版《“主谓一致”的远近法则》。

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