美国环保协会的国际实践

EDF'S INTERNATIONAL WORK

美国环保协会一直以来坚持综合运用科学、法律和经济的手段来解决最紧迫的环境问题。我们所开展过的

主要工作包括：DDT、酸雨、企业合作-绿化供应链、清洁能源、气候变化。

在此基础上，我们总结了一些可供分享的经验。实际上，我们的副总裁杜丹德博士早在1991年就被中国国家环境保护总局邀请到中国，分享我们在美国帮助制订的酸雨控制项目的经验。该项目是我们第一个基于市场机制的环境解决方案，也是我们的标志性成果之一。二氧化硫从电厂排放出来以后，经过一系列的变化过程，最终会形成酸雨，对森林和湖泊造成破坏。上世纪80年代，美国环保协会成功说服布什总统采用市场机制来控制二氧化硫排放，并允许电厂自由选择实现减排目标的手段。最终，美国的二氧化硫排放成功减半，并且成本仅为预计的四分之一，减排速度也远远超出人们的预期。与以往自上而下的行政手段相比，这种市场手段同时也为企业每年节省了大约10亿美元的成本。《经济学人》杂志将该项目评为“过去十年中最伟大的绿色成功故事”。

来自中国国家环境保护总局的邀请使我们决定在中国开展工作，并分享我们在二氧化硫治理方面的经验。中国曾在第九个5年计划中规定了二氧化硫的排放上限，所以我们认为美国的经验或许能够对中国有所帮助。事实也确实如此，当时我们和国家环境保护总局一起实施了一个名为“4+3+1”的项目，在4个城市、3个省份和1家企业之间尝试二氧化硫排污权交易。不过当时那个项目的真正意义，或许是促成了今天正在中国7个试点省市进行的碳交易试点。

EDF has become known for our work combining science, law, and economics to solve the most pressing environmental prob-lems. Some of the large scale problems we have worked on: DDT, Acid Rain, Corporations - Greening the Supply Chain, Clean Energy, Climate Change.

Along the way, I believe that we have developed some experience to share. In fact, our Vice President Dr. Dan Dudek was first invited to China in 1991 by the State Environmental Protection Administration to share our experience in helping to create the acid rain program in the US. This was the first of our market-based solutions, a focus which is one of the hallmarks of EDF's work. Sulfur dioxide, also known as SO2, from power plants was traveling long distances to cause acid rain, devastating lakes and forests. EDF convinced the first President Bush to adopt a market-based plan to control SO2emissions which allowed power plant owners to use any methods they wanted to achieve that result. As a result, sulfur emissions were halved, going down much faster than predicted and at one-fourth of the projected cost. The plan also saved companies roughly $1 billion a year, compared to earlier, top-down regulations. Looking back 10 years later, The Economist magazine described the program as “The greatest green success story of the past decade……”

That invitation led to EDF's decision to work in China and share our experience on SO2. China had originally capped SO2emissions in the 9th Five Year Plan and we thought that our experience in the US could be helpful to China. It did, in fact, lead to an innovative program known as “4+3+1” which tested out SO2emissions trading in four cities, 3 provinces, and one company. But the real product of that experimentation is the seven carbon trading pilots that are currently running throughout the country.