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农户土地种植面积与土地生产率的关系

2014-12-13范红忠周启良

中国人口·资源与环境 2014年12期
关键词:农户

范红忠++周启良

摘要土地种植面积与土地生产率之间究竟存在何种关系?这一问题的答案,不仅关乎我国的粮食安全,也关乎我国农村土地政策、劳动力转移和城镇化等重大问题。农业生产深受气候条件、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等因素的影响,但现有的文献没有很好地控制这些因素;另有学者以欧美等大农杨的数据或者官方提供的数据为基础,来分析我国农业是否采取规模经营政策,这并不切实际。本文根据马克思主义的生产力构成要素理论和科布-道格拉斯的生产函数,建立土地种植面积与土地生产率之间关系的计量模型,然后基于我国中西部七县(市)相邻的乡镇农户调查数据,分别对望江县水稻、南县水稻和棉花、濮阳市小麦种植生产的相关数据进行回归分析,结果显示:在控制气候条件、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等因素的前提下,土地种植面积与土地生产率之间呈现正向的关系,不同土地经营规模条件下土地种植面积对土地生产率的影响也为正值;考虑农机设备的资本投入要素后,土地种植面积与土地生产率之间依然呈现正向关系;边际效应的分析表明,农户土地经营规模的增加,不仅不会降低土地生产率,在多数情况下反而会增加土地生产率。这表明在当前家庭联产承包责任制下,鼓励和完善土地流转政策,减少零碎化经营,推动适当的规模经营,不但不会降低,反而会提高我国土地生产率和农业总产量。这一研究结论对制定土地流转的相关政策、完善农村劳动力等要素市场、鼓励农业规模经营的发展战略和支持城镇化建设等具有很强的现实意义。

关键词农户;土地种植面积;土地规模经营;土地生产率

中图分类号F301.0文献标识码A文章编号1002-2104(2014)12-0038-08doi:103969/jissn1002-2104201412006

关于农户土地种植面积和单位土地生产率的关系,学术界有一个著名的假说,那就是土地生产率与土地种植面积反向关系(Inverse Relationship,IR)假说[1]。按此假说,扩大农户土地种植规模,实施土地规模经营,尽管可以提高单个农户的农业总产量,但在土地总面积一定的情况下,我国农业的总产量将下降。这意味,随着农村劳动力转移和农村土地流转的推进,农户逐渐实现土地规模经营之后,我国的粮食安全将受到严重的挑战和威胁。关于IR假说的大量实证研究得到了截然不同的结论,一些研究支持IR假说,如Heltberg R[2];一些研究不支持IR假说,如许庆等[3];另一些研究还得到了与IR假说相反的结论,如Deolalikar A B [4]。现有文献相互矛盾的研究结论使得IR假说是否成立仍然是一个悬而未决的问题,继续吸引着学术界广泛的关注。我们在对现有文献的梳理中发现,现有文献在研究数据方面有一个重要的缺陷,即这些研究采用的样本农户和数据,或者来自不同的国家,或者来自同一国家不同的省区或县市,在实证分析中很难控制好气候条件、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等一些对农业生产有重要影响的变量。为了克服现有数据的不足,十分有必要进行专门的有针对性的农户调查和数据收集工作。2012年,我们特地组织了一个调查团队,分别在我国中西部七个县(市)选择了若干个相邻的村庄,进行随机农户调查。本文的调查数据,可以较好地控制气候、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等因素对农户生产的影响,因此,本文的研究将会得到更可靠的结论,以期对现有文献做出贡献,并对我国农村土地政策制定提供可靠的理论指导。

1文献综述

土地规模与土地生产率之间反向关系的IR假说,最早由Chayanov[1]提出。之后,Sen[5]对印度农业的研究、Berry R A & Cline W R(1979)[6]对巴西北部和印度农村的调查研究、Carter M R[7]对印度北部的调查研究、Heltberg R[2]对巴基斯坦的实证研究、任治君[8]对美国和法国的大农杨样本的分析,结果都支持了IR假说。就我国粮食生产而言,也有支持IR假说的研究结论,如普罗斯特曼等[9]根据对吴县的官员和农户的访谈资料,发现家庭农场比集体农场更优越、效率更高;高梦滔等[10]的实证结果表明中国农村粮食生产是“小农户更有效率”。

范红忠等:农户土地种植面积与土地生产率的关系中国人口·资源与环境2014年第12期 然而一些学者认为大规模经营与小规模经营对土地生产率的影响不大,其理由是小规模农户可能会寻求其它收入来源,而疏于对土地的经营管理。Shi Zhengfu[11]、山东农业大学课题组[12]、国内学者万广华等[13]、刘凤芹[14]、许庆等[3]的实证研究,均发现农业生产中几乎不存在规模经济效应,大规模土地经营与小规模家庭农户相比并没有显示出单位产量优势。

Deolalikar A B [4] 、Fan S & ChanKang C[15]、Rao V & Chotigeat T[16]、Helfand S M & Levine E S等学者从生产投入的异质性角度出发,得出大规模经营比小规模经营更有效率的结论。[17]国内学者张光辉[18]通过对法国、美国农场经营规模和粮食单产的纵向比较,以及对日本佐贺县1962年、石川县1983年的农场经营规模和粮食单产同一年度的横向比较,均发现规模经营促进了单产的提高,土地规模与土地生产率呈正向关系,并建议农业规模经营和农业适度规模经营应作为我国农业和农村发展的一项重要政策。

辛良杰等[19]对吉林省20个县(市)的20个固定观察村落的1 002家农户的生产进行了验证,结果表明土地规模与土地生产率之间呈非线性关系;当农户经营的土地面积在0-10亩、10-30亩、超过30亩不同的规模时,土地规模与土地生产率之间的系数分别为正值、无相关性、明显的负向关系,由此提出了鼓励和完善土地流转政策,推动适当规模经营的政策。

综观上述文献,我们可以发现现有研究均有一个重要的缺陷,即没有充分考虑气候条件、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量(包括土壤色质和土地等级)、基础设施等因素对农业生产的影响。如果不能综合地控制这些因素,则相同土地面积的粮食产量不具有很好的可比性。Sen[5]、高梦滔等[10]、刘凤芹[14]、许庆[3] 等的研究样本数据均覆盖了较大的区域,这样农户面临的气候条件、土壤条件并不能得到很好的控制。有的学者已注意到土地的异质性对土地生产率的影响,但综合考虑程度不够,如Bhalla S S & Roy P[20]的研究没有很好地控制土地等级;辛良杰等[19]的研究没有控制好气候因素,因为20个县(市)的气候差别还是很大的。如果我们对上述影响农业生产的因素进行综合控制,则土地规模与土地生产率反向关系可能只是一个区际现象,在较小区域范围内进行分析时,这种反向关系消失,IR假说不复存在[20-21]。

另外,任治君[8]、张光辉[18]等学者的研究以欧美等大农场为样本;普罗斯特曼[9]、万广华等[13]所选取的样本数据来自官方提供的某一个地区的数据,由此得出的结论在中国是否符合中国实际,有待商榷。

为了避免上述学者在样本数据及研究方法上的不足,本文致力于如下创新:

第一,本文选取土地种植面积比较小的中西部七县(市)农户作为样本,这明显有别于Sen[5]等人以印度、欧美等大规模面积的农场样本,也能保证分析的结论符合我国国情。

第二,充分控制影响农业生产的因素。由于选取的中西部7个不同的县(市),这些县(市)分布在国内的6个不同的省份,它们在气候条件、距离市场的远近、土地质量、基础设施等因素显著不同。为了避免这些异质性,我们采取相邻的乡镇农户调查数据,即在每个县(市)中选取一个行政乡,以调查问卷的形式调查这个行政乡周围相邻的几个村,由于这些村彼此相邻,可以很好地控制气候条件、距离市场的远近、土壤色质、基础设施的差异。

第三,进行回归分析时,我们充分利用虚拟变量,即在集中选取样本以控制气候条件、市场条件、土壤色质和基础设施等因素的基础上,再利用虚拟变量对自然村、种植方式、土地等级、种植面积进行控制;对不同县(市)的不同村、不同种类农作物的种植面积与土地生产率之间的关系进行回归时,避免把不同农作物的相关数据进行加总的弊端,以保证结论的可信度。

2数据选取和经营状况统计

2.1数据选取

本次实地调查,选取了7个不同的县,包括四川省江油市、安徽省望江县和利辛县、湖北省枝江市、江西省都昌县、湖南省南县、河南市濮阳市,这些县(市)分布在国内的6个不同的省份,在气候条件、土地质量、地形状况、耕作方式等有明显的不同,为了控制这些差异,我们在每个县中选取一个行政乡,以该行政乡为中心,调查问卷周围相邻的几个村,调查采取分层随机农户访谈问卷调查的方式进行。其中在四川省的江油市调查了10个村,江西省的都昌县调查了13个村,安徽省的利辛县和望江县各调查了10个村,湖南省的南县调查了11个村,湖北省的枝江市调查了8个村,河南省的濮阳市调查了15个村。每个自然村随机选择10-20家进行农户调查。

调查时,由调查员朗读问卷,农户户主回答,调查员填写问卷,最后获得有效问卷1 196份。调查问卷的内容有“年龄是否超过60岁、学历、是否常年从事农业劳动、农作物的种植面积、地块数、可灌溉面积、土地等级、种植方式、支出”等。

调查的农作物涉及水稻、小麦、棉花、玉米。由于某些被调查样本的农作物植面积太小,或种植的农户数太少,不足以考察土地种植面积与土地生产率两者之间的关系,不能对每个县(市)所调查村庄的每种农作物的土地种植面积与土地生产率之间的关系进行研究,但这并不影响以相邻自然村为基础的数据分析结论的适用性。所以,本文在对土地种植面积与土地生产率的关系进行考察时,仅对望江县所调查村庄的水稻、南县所调查村庄的水稻和棉花、濮阳市所调查村庄的小麦进行分析。这几个县市地势较平坦,适宜机械化耕种,是我国粮食生产的重要基地。

2.2经营状况统计

首先,我们对所调查的农户的土地种植面积进行统计,结果如表1所示。在所调查的水稻种植户中,望江县和南县20亩以下的种植农户比例分别达到69%和94%以上,经营50亩以上的种植户的比例分别只有10%和1%。在所调查的南县棉花和濮阳市小麦种植户中,9亩以下的种植农户比例分别达到84%和70%,经营15亩以上的种植户的比例分别只有3%和7%。可见,这几个县市粮食种植的土地碎化现象非常严重,这也反映了我国农

3.2结果分析

利用EVIEWS6.0,对所调查县市的相关数据进行回归,我们没有对所有区间的土地经营规模进行回归,但这并不影响结论的可适性。最后回归的有效样本数分别为:望江县10个村庄的115户水稻种植户、南县11个村庄的126户水稻种植户和128户棉花种植户、濮阳市15个村庄的156户小麦种植户,结果如表3所示。

表3显示,从种植面积本身与土地生产率的关系来看,各回归方程的lnS系数都为正值,说明种植面积本身对土地生产率的提升有促进作用,并且对南县水稻的促进作用更为明显、其次为望江县水稻和濮阳市小麦,因为各自对应的回归方程中的lnS系数分别在5%、10%、10%的显著水平上通过检验。

从种植面积的扩大与土地生产率的关系来看,各回归方程的MlnS系数都为正值,说明土地种植面积的适当扩大能增加都昌县水稻、望江县水稻、南县棉花、濮阳市小麦的土地生产率。也就是说,农户土地规模下土地种植面积与土地生产率之间的负向关系并不存在。这与Sen[5] 、Berry R A & Cline W R[6]等的研究结果不一致,主要是因为我国目前的家庭联产承包责任制所导致的小农生产,土地碎化块的现象非常严重,不利于土地生产率的提高。而增加粮食种植面积,土地生产率的释放空间还非常大,存在着规模经济的可能。

3.3进一步检验

在我国农村,普遍存在大型农机的租用市场,拥有大型农机的农户主要把大型农机商业性地用于其他农户的农业生产,以赚取劳务费,因此在之前的模型分析中,我们没有加入农户拥有的农机变量。作为进一步稳健性检验,我们下面在模型中,增加农户拥有的农用机械变量,进一步检验土地种植面积与土地生产率的关系。

作为资本投入,可以分为可变资本和不变资本投入。农药化肥和种子支出、请工支出等可以看作是可变资本投入,而农户所拥有的农用机械可以看作不变资本投入。据此,我们把(3)式修改成:

以(10)式为基础,分别对望江县所调查村庄的水稻、南县所调查村庄的水稻和棉花、濮阳市所调查村庄的小麦进行回归分析的结果如表4所示。

从表4可以看出,各回归方程中的lnS和MlnS的系数都为正值,并且显著性与表3相同,说明在控制气候、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等因素后,农户农机设备的拥有不会改变土地种植面积和土地生产率的关系。另外,农机设备的使用对于土地生产率的正负关系不明确,并且系数都不显著,说明农机设备的使用与土地生产率之间的没有相关性,这是因为我国农村,普遍存在大型农业机械的租用市场,购买大型农机的农户,其主要目的是把农机用于其他农户的生产,以赚取劳务费。

3.4边际效应分析

根据表3中土地种植面积的自然对数(lnS)的系数,以及土地经营规模与土地种植面积的自然对数的交互项(MlnS)的系数,我们可以计算出不同土地经营规模下土地种植面积对土地生产率影响的边际效应,结果列于表5。

表5的边际效应的分析表明,农户土地经营规模的增加,不仅不会降低土地生产率,在多数情况下反而会增加土地生产率。因此,在当前以土地细碎化为特征的家庭联产承包责任制下,适当扩大农户种植面积,会提高我国农业总产出。

4结论与建议

土地生产率与种植面积之间究竟存在何种关系?这一问题的答案,不仅关乎我国的粮食安全,也关乎我国农村土地政策、劳动力转移和城镇化等重大问题。

农业生产深受气候条件、距离市场的远近、种植方式、土地质量、基础设施等因素的影响,现有的文献没有很好地控制这些因素,因此其研究结论是值得怀疑的,而且,没有很好控制上述因素,也可能是现有文献研究结论相互矛盾的重要原因。本文通过采取相邻乡镇农户的实地调查数据,即在每个县(市)中选取一个行政乡,以调查问卷的形式调查这个行政乡周围相邻的几个村,由于这些村彼此相邻,可以很好地控制土壤色质、气候条件、基础设施、距离市场远近、种植方式、土地质量的差异,这有助于我们得到关于土地种植面积和土地生产率关系的可靠结论。

经营,不但不会降低,反而会提高我国土地生产率和农业总产量。因此,在当前家庭联产承包责任制下,可以鼓励和完善土地流转政策,改革现有的控制农民进城的“二元户籍”管理制度,减少零碎化经营,推动适当的规模经营。本文的这一研究结论对制定土地流转相关政策、完善农村劳动力等要素市场、鼓励农业规模经营的发展战略和支持城镇化建设等具有很强的现实意义。

(编辑:田红)

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A Study of the Relationship Between Household Land Acreage and Land Productivity

Based on the Survey Data of Central and Western Seven Countiess (Citiess) Farmers

FAN HongzhongZHOU Qiliang

(School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430074, China)

AbstractWhat kind of relationship between the land planting area and land productivity?The answer to this question,not only relates to the food security of our country, but also relates to the major problems of Chinas rural land policy,labor transfer and urbanization. Agricultural production can be deeply impacted by multiple factors,such as climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure,and etc. However, previous research in the literature has not examined those factors from a wellbalanced perspective. Some other scholars analyzed whether China should adopt the agriculture policy of scale management based on the agricultural data from Europe and the United States or directly from the Chinese Governments documented data, which is usually considered unrealistic. This research adapted Karl Marxs theory of the Constituent Elements of the Productive Forces and the CobbDouglas Production Function and established the Econometric Model of the Relationship between Land Planting area and Land Productivity .The survey data from the adjacent rural farmers of Chinas CentralWestern seven counties(cities) are used for regression analysis, particularly those relevant data of the rice production of Wangjiang County, the rice and wheat production of Nan County, and the cotton production of PuyangCity.The results from this research showed that there is a positive relationship between land planting area and land productivity in the precondition of controlling climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure and other factors.The relationship between land planting area and land productivity is also positive in different land management scales. When the variable of capital input of agricultural equipment is controlled, the relationship between land planting area and land productivity is positive as well. Analysis of the marginal effect shows that increasing the farmers scale of land management,not only will not reduce land productivity,but will increase the productivity of land in most cases.To cap, this research shows that under the current agricultural system of the Contracted Responsibilities for Households,encouraging and improving land circulation policy,reducing land fragmentation management,and promoting scale management not only will not reduce,but will improve the land productivity and the total agricultural output. The conclusion of this research has a strong practical significance for the formulating of land circulation policies,improving the factor market such as rural labor,encouraging the development strategy of agricultural scale management, and supporting the urbanization policy in China.

Key wordsfarmers; land planting area; land scale management; land productivity

A Study of the Relationship Between Household Land Acreage and Land Productivity

Based on the Survey Data of Central and Western Seven Countiess (Citiess) Farmers

FAN HongzhongZHOU Qiliang

(School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430074, China)

AbstractWhat kind of relationship between the land planting area and land productivity?The answer to this question,not only relates to the food security of our country, but also relates to the major problems of Chinas rural land policy,labor transfer and urbanization. Agricultural production can be deeply impacted by multiple factors,such as climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure,and etc. However, previous research in the literature has not examined those factors from a wellbalanced perspective. Some other scholars analyzed whether China should adopt the agriculture policy of scale management based on the agricultural data from Europe and the United States or directly from the Chinese Governments documented data, which is usually considered unrealistic. This research adapted Karl Marxs theory of the Constituent Elements of the Productive Forces and the CobbDouglas Production Function and established the Econometric Model of the Relationship between Land Planting area and Land Productivity .The survey data from the adjacent rural farmers of Chinas CentralWestern seven counties(cities) are used for regression analysis, particularly those relevant data of the rice production of Wangjiang County, the rice and wheat production of Nan County, and the cotton production of PuyangCity.The results from this research showed that there is a positive relationship between land planting area and land productivity in the precondition of controlling climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure and other factors.The relationship between land planting area and land productivity is also positive in different land management scales. When the variable of capital input of agricultural equipment is controlled, the relationship between land planting area and land productivity is positive as well. Analysis of the marginal effect shows that increasing the farmers scale of land management,not only will not reduce land productivity,but will increase the productivity of land in most cases.To cap, this research shows that under the current agricultural system of the Contracted Responsibilities for Households,encouraging and improving land circulation policy,reducing land fragmentation management,and promoting scale management not only will not reduce,but will improve the land productivity and the total agricultural output. The conclusion of this research has a strong practical significance for the formulating of land circulation policies,improving the factor market such as rural labor,encouraging the development strategy of agricultural scale management, and supporting the urbanization policy in China.

Key wordsfarmers; land planting area; land scale management; land productivity

A Study of the Relationship Between Household Land Acreage and Land Productivity

Based on the Survey Data of Central and Western Seven Countiess (Citiess) Farmers

FAN HongzhongZHOU Qiliang

(School of Economics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430074, China)

AbstractWhat kind of relationship between the land planting area and land productivity?The answer to this question,not only relates to the food security of our country, but also relates to the major problems of Chinas rural land policy,labor transfer and urbanization. Agricultural production can be deeply impacted by multiple factors,such as climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure,and etc. However, previous research in the literature has not examined those factors from a wellbalanced perspective. Some other scholars analyzed whether China should adopt the agriculture policy of scale management based on the agricultural data from Europe and the United States or directly from the Chinese Governments documented data, which is usually considered unrealistic. This research adapted Karl Marxs theory of the Constituent Elements of the Productive Forces and the CobbDouglas Production Function and established the Econometric Model of the Relationship between Land Planting area and Land Productivity .The survey data from the adjacent rural farmers of Chinas CentralWestern seven counties(cities) are used for regression analysis, particularly those relevant data of the rice production of Wangjiang County, the rice and wheat production of Nan County, and the cotton production of PuyangCity.The results from this research showed that there is a positive relationship between land planting area and land productivity in the precondition of controlling climatic conditions,proximity to market, planting mode,the quality of land,infrastructure and other factors.The relationship between land planting area and land productivity is also positive in different land management scales. When the variable of capital input of agricultural equipment is controlled, the relationship between land planting area and land productivity is positive as well. Analysis of the marginal effect shows that increasing the farmers scale of land management,not only will not reduce land productivity,but will increase the productivity of land in most cases.To cap, this research shows that under the current agricultural system of the Contracted Responsibilities for Households,encouraging and improving land circulation policy,reducing land fragmentation management,and promoting scale management not only will not reduce,but will improve the land productivity and the total agricultural output. The conclusion of this research has a strong practical significance for the formulating of land circulation policies,improving the factor market such as rural labor,encouraging the development strategy of agricultural scale management, and supporting the urbanization policy in China.

Key wordsfarmers; land planting area; land scale management; land productivity

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