茶叶的药用成分、药理作用及开发应用研究进展
2014-10-21李海琳成浩王丽鸳韦康
李海琳 成浩 王丽鸳 韦康
摘要 茶叶是我国丰富的天然植物资源。它含有茶多酚、生物碱、茶多糖、维生素类、氨基酸、茶色素、食物纤维素等多种药用成分,具有降血糖、降血压、抗血栓、降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、抑菌、提高免疫力、抗肿瘤及抗艾滋病毒等药理作用。茶叶的功能成分药用价值日益清楚,被广泛应用于医药、食品、日用、化工等领域,开发应用前景十分广阔。
关键词 茶叶;药用成分;药理作用;开发应用
中图分类号 S571.1 文献标识码
A 文章编号 0517-6611(2014)31-10833-03
Research Advances in Medicinal Ingredients,Pharmacologic Effects,Development and Application of Tea
LI Hailin,CHENG Hao*,WANG Liyuan et al (National Center for Tea Improvement,Tea Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science,Hangzhou,Zhejiang 310008)
Abstract Tea is the rich natural plant resources in China. Tea polyphenols,alkaloids,tea polysaccharide,vitamins,amino acids,tea pigment,food fiber are the main medicinal ingredients. It has many pharmacological effects,such as antithrombosis,reducing bloodsugar,bloodlipid and pressure depressing,antiatherosclerosis,bacteriostatic,strengthening the bodys immune system,antitumor and antiHIV. The function of tea ingredients medicinal value is increasingly clear,and are widely used in medicine,food,daily,chemical industry and other fields,development and application prospect is very broad.
Key words Tea; Medicinal components; Pharmacological effects; Development and application
茶叶为山茶科植物茶的芽叶,其药用价值历史悠久。早在《神农本草经》记载,久服茶叶能“安心益气,轻身耐老”;唐代陈藏器《本草拾遗》中说:“诸药为各药之药,茶为万药之药”;明代顾元庆《茶谱》中记载:“饮真茶能止渴、消食、除痰、少睡、利尿道、明目益思、除烦、去腻,人固不可一日无茶”[1]。随着茶叶生物化學研究的不断深入,茶叶的药用成分及药理作用一直吸引国内外学者关注。笔者对近年来研究成果进行综述,为茶叶保健功能的深入挖掘及在药品、功能性食品等领域的开发应用奠定基础。
1 茶叶的药用成分
1.1 茶多酚(Tea polyphenol,TP)
茶多酚是茶叶中多酚类物质的总称,为茶叶干重的18%~36%。它主要是由儿茶素类、花黄素类(黄酮和黄酮醇类)、花色素类(花白素和花青素)及酚酸类化合物组成[2]。其中,最主要的是以儿茶素为主的黄烷醇类,其含量占多酚类总量的70%~80%,是茶树次生物质代谢的重要成分[3],也是茶叶药效的主要活性组分。它们具有防止血管硬化、降血脂、消炎抑菌、防辐射、抗癌、抗突变、抗衰老等多种功效。……
