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新型单羰基姜黄素衍生物B06对不同辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞的抑制作用

2014-07-05谢珂龚梁陈建强邹坚定鲁杰熊华

中国现代医生 2014年17期
关键词:姜黄素鼻咽癌

谢珂+龚梁+陈建强+邹坚定+鲁杰+熊华+施雪莉

[摘要] 目的 研究姜黄素及其单羰基结构衍生物B06对不同辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2与CNE-2R的作用。方法 以MTT法检测姜黄素和B06对细胞增殖的影响,以流式细胞仪检测姜黄素和B06对细胞凋亡的影响,以Western-blot检测姜黄素和B06对ERS通路相关蛋白的影响。 结果 姜黄素对CNE-2和CNE-2R的IC50分别为8.35 μM和6.84 μM,B06对CNE-2和CNE-2R的IC50分别为1.09 μM和0.74 μM。B06能激活CNE-2R细胞ERS通路中关键蛋白CHOP、XBP-1、ATF-4的表达,而姜黄素则不能激活其表达。结论 新型单羰基姜黄素衍生物B06能更显著地抑制辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞的增殖,该作用机制很可能是通过ERS通路发挥,提示B06具有抑制辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞的潜在价值。

[关键词] 姜黄素;单羰基衍生物;鼻咽癌;辐射抗拒

[中图分类号] R285.5 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)17-0021-04

Inhibition effect of curcumin mono-carbonyl derivative B06 on nasop- haryngeal carcinoma cells with different radioresistance

XIE Ke GONG Liang CHEN Jianqiang ZOU Jianding LU Jie XIONG Hua SHI Xueli

Department of Otolaryngology, the Peoples Hospital of Cixi City in Zhejiang Province, the Affiliated Cixi Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Cixi 315300, China

[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of B06, a mono-carbonyl derivative of curcumin, on homologous nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE-2R and CNE-2 with different radioresistance. Methods The effects of B06 and curcumin on cell proliferation were determined by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of B06 and curcumin on ERS related proteins were determined by western-blot. Results Curcumin inhibited CNE-2 and CNE-2R cells with IC50 of 8.35 μM and 6.84 μM respectively. B06 inhibited CNE-2 and CNE-2R cell lines with IC50 of 1.09 μM and 0.74 μM respectively. B06 could activate the expression of CHOP, XBP-1 and ATF-4, the key proteins of ERS passway, while curcumin could not. Conclusion The new mono-carbonyl curcumin derivative B06 can suppress the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with radioresistance more significantly. The mechanism of this effect is probably through the ERS pathway, suggesting that B06 has the potential value to inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with radioresistance.

[Key words] Curcumin; Mono-carbonyl derivative; Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Radioresistance

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)是中国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其首选治疗方式为放疗,但部分患者易出现放疗耐受现象,严重影响了患者的生存率。如何对放疗耐受的鼻咽癌患者进行治疗,是目前临床的治疗难点。近来研究表明,内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)信号通路可以诱导细胞凋亡,从而抑制肿瘤细胞生长[1-10]。ERS通路作为一条新的诱导细胞凋亡的靶点,可能可以避免肿瘤细胞对药物的耐受和对辐射的抗拒,基于这一思路,本文主要研究了抗肿瘤药物姜黄素的单羰基结构衍生物B06对辐射抗拒的鼻咽癌细胞株的作用,现报道如下。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

姜黄素、噻唑蓝(MTT)、DMSO购自sigma公司,B06由温州医学院生物与天然药物研究院梁广博士赠送; 1640培养基为GIBCOL产品;小牛血清为杭州四季青产品;一抗:CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein, CHOP)抗体、激活转录因子(activating transcription factor 4,ATF-4)抗体、人X盒结合蛋白(X-box binding protein,XBP-1)抗体,二抗:羊抗小鼠 IgG-HRP,羊抗兔IgG-HRP,驴抗羊 IgG-HRP等抗体购自Santa Cruz公司。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 细胞培养 CNE-2和CNE-2R(抗辐射)细胞株(由中山大学中山医学院病理生理学教研室馈赠)[11]在含有10%小牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素及0.1 mg/mL链霉素的1640细胞培养液内,于37℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱内培养。

1.2.2 MTT实验 取对数生长期细胞接种至96孔板,100 μL/孔,4×103个细胞/孔,每组设6孔,重复3次,培养24 h根据实验分组换新鲜培养液或含不同浓度药物的培养液100 μL/孔。继续培养48 h后,每孔加20 μL的MTT溶液(5 mg/mL),37℃、5%CO2培养箱孵育4 h,酶标仪测定490 nm光吸度值(A490),按公式计算药物对细胞增殖的抑制率:抑制率=[(A490对照-A490用药)/A490对照] ×100%。

1.2.3 Western-blot检测姜黄素及其衍生物对ERS通路相关蛋白的影响 消化收集细胞沉淀,加入RIPA缓冲液裂解细胞,离心取上清。蛋白定量后取50 μg蛋白,10%聚丙烯酞胺凝胶电泳(polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis,PAGE),80 V恒压20 min,140 V恒压电泳3 h。电泳完毕后,采用湿转法,将PAGE胶上的蛋白质至PVDF膜上。5%脱脂奶粉室温封闭聚偏二氟乙烯膜(polyvinylidene fluoride,PVDF)1 h,封闭液稀释的一抗(Anti-CHOP、Anti-XBP-1、Anti-ATF-4,1∶500稀释)4℃;孵育过夜,TBST缓冲液洗膜3次,加入辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的二抗(1∶1000稀释)室温杂交1 h,TBST缓冲液洗膜3次,膜稍干后加入化学发光液,超高灵敏度化学发光成像系统(Bio-Rad ChemiDoc XRS + Imaging System)成像。

1.3 统计学处理

采用SPSS 16.0软件包进行统计学处理。结果以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验或单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA),P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 单羰基姜黄素衍生物B06抑制CNE-2R和CNE-2细胞增殖的效应

MTT细胞增殖试验结果显示,B06对CNE-2R和CNE-2细胞的抑制作用明显高于姜黄素组,CNE-2和CNE-2R细胞在高浓度姜黄素(10 μM)中的抑制率分别为63%、89%,而在2 μM 的B06中抑制率可达到79%、95%,提示B06具有较高的抑制鼻咽癌细胞的活性。姜黄素对CNE-2和CNE-2R的IC50分别为8.35 μM和6.84 μM,B06对CNE-2和CNE-2R的IC50分别为1.09 μM和0.74 μM,较姜黄素相比明显减小,差异有统计学意义(t=23.85、22.42,P<0.01),表明B06较小的剂量下就达到很好的抑制肿瘤活性,见表1。4000个细胞接种于96孔板,用1640培养液培养于37℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱内,24 h后更新培养液并加入不同浓度的化合物,继续处理48 h,MTT检测细胞抑制率。结果显示当B06处理CNE-2R细胞48 h时,其抑瘤作用较CNE-2细胞明显增强,表明B06很可能对辐射抗拒细胞株具有更强的抑瘤作用,见图1。

表1 姜黄素及其衍生物B06对CNE-2、CNE-2R细胞IC50值

图1 B06和姜黄素抑制CNE-2、CNE-2R细胞

2.2 单羰基姜黄素衍生物B06对CNE-2和CNE-2R细胞内质网应激通路的影响

本文采用Western blot检测单羰基姜黄素衍生物B06对CNE-2和CNE-2R内质网应激信号通路相关蛋白的作用。结果显示B06能激活CNE-2R细胞ERS通路中关键蛋白CHOP、XBP-1、ATF-4的表达,而姜黄素则不能激活其表达,且B06在10 μM浓度即激活了CHOP、XBP-1和ATF-4,见图2。

图2 5、10、20 μM B06和姜黄素处理CNE-2R细胞24 h后对细胞核内CHOP、XBP-1和ATF-4的表达

3 讨论

鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)是中国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,绝大多数鼻咽癌病例分布在亚洲东南部,发病人群主要集中在中国居民和华裔。鼻咽癌的首选治疗方式为放疗,但部分患者出现放疗耐受现象,严重影响了患者的生存率。如何寻找新的药物作用靶点、提高肿瘤患者生存率依然是鼻咽癌治疗的关键问题。

近来研究发现过度内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)可启动细胞凋亡,是一条新的细胞凋亡信号传导通路,这一信号传导通路包括非折叠蛋白反应和钙离子起始信号等机制。ERS可特异性激活半胱天冬酶(Caspase)信号通道等下游效应蛋白酶,最终导致细胞死亡。近年来的研究表明内质网应激与肿瘤的发生、发展及细胞凋亡都密切相关[1-10],Caspase、CHOP、Bcl-2等酶在ERS介导的肿瘤细胞凋亡中发挥着重要作用,针对这些酶所设计的抑制剂或激活剂可以促进肿瘤细胞凋亡。新的诱导细胞凋亡的靶点可能避免肿瘤细胞对药物的耐受和对辐射的抗拒,ERS信号通路作为新的抗肿瘤药物靶点,对其进行拓展研究具有广谱抗癌特性的苗头化合物也许是寻求新药源的捷径。

姜黄素(Curcumin)是从姜科植物的根茎中提取的一种天然化合物,也是我国中药莪术、姜黄中的主要活性成分。近年来姜黄素的抗肿瘤作用已被大量的研究报道所证实[12-17]。但姜黄素结构不稳定,体内代谢速度快,大大限制了其临床运用。为克服姜黄素这一缺点,筛选出更好的抗肿瘤新药,我们通过用单羰基基团替换姜黄素结构中不稳定的β-二酮基团,设计合成了新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物(代号B06)。

本实验研究中,我们利用已建立的鼻咽癌辐射耐受对比模型(专利号:200810199185.8),采用MTT法发现该新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R的半数抑制浓度低于1μM,大大超过其先导物姜黄素。并且进一步采用Western Blot检测证实了单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06通过ERS信号通路发挥诱导凋亡的作用。

综上所述,通过本实验研究发现,本课题组合成的新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06与其先导物姜黄素的抗癌机制不同,B06能较特异靶向ERS通路发挥抗癌作用,对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R具有较强的抑制作用,提示单羰基姜黄素结构类似物是可能抑制鼻咽癌放疗耐受的新药源。

[参考文献]

[1] Qi X,Mochly-Rosen D. The PKC{delta}-Abl complex communicates ER stress to the mitochondria-an essential step in subsequent apoptosis[J]. J Cell Sci,2008,121(Pt 6):804-813.

[2] Ou L,Wu Y,Ip C,et al. Apoptosis induced by t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by an atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response[J]. J Lipid Res,2008,49(5):985-994.

[3] Lee SY,Lee MS,Cherla RP,et al. Shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells[J]. Cell Microbiol,2008,10(3):770-780.

[4] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response:A stress signaling pathway critical for health and disease[J]. Neurology,2006,66(2 Suppl 1):102-109.

[5] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol,2006,(172):69-91.

[6] Malhotra JD,Kaufman RJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol,2007,18(6):716-731.

[7] Isohashi F,Endo H,Mukai M,et al. Insulin-like growth factor stimulation increases radiosensitivity of a pancreatic cancer cell line through endoplasmic reticulum stress under hypoxic conditions[J]. Cancer Sci,2008,99(12):2395-2401.

[8] Schonthal AH. Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(5):653-666.

[9] Li Y,Liu H,Huang YY,et al. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the downregulation of heparanase[J]. Int J Mol Med,2013,31(5):1234-1242.

[10] Lan YC,Chang CL,Sung MT,et al. Zoledronic acid-induced cytotoxicity through endoplasmic beticulum stress triggered REDD1-mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells[J]. Anticancer Res,2013,33(9):3807-3814.

[11] 潘运宝,曲昌菊,杨惠玲,等. 不同辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞细胞周期和形态学差异比较[J]. 中山大学学报(医学科学版),2009,30(Z1):38-41.

[12] Scott DW,Loo G. Curcumin-induced GADD153 upregulation:Modulation by glutathione[J]. J Cell Biochem,2007, 101(2):307-320.

[13] Pae HO,Jeong SO,Jeong GS,et al. Curcumin induces pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in human leukemia HL-60 cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2007,353(4):1040-1045.

[14] Siddiqui RA,Harvey KA,Walker C,et al. Characterization of synergistic anti-cancer effects of docosahexaenoic acid and curcumin on DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13(1):418.

[15] Abouzeid AH,Patel NR,Rachman IM,et al. Anti-cancer activity of anti-GLUT1 antibody-targeted polymeric micelles co-loaded with curcumin and doxorubicin[J]. J Drug Target, 2013,21(10):994-1000.

[16] Hsu CH,Cheng AL. Clinical studies with curcumin[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol,2007,595: 471-480.

[17] Chakraborty S MN,Ghosh U,Bhattacharyya NP,et al. Curcumin-induced apoptosis inhuman leukemia cell HL-60 is associated with inhibition of telomerase activity[J]. Mol Cell Biochem, 2007,297(1-2):31-39.

(收稿日期:2013-11-13)

本实验研究中,我们利用已建立的鼻咽癌辐射耐受对比模型(专利号:200810199185.8),采用MTT法发现该新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R的半数抑制浓度低于1μM,大大超过其先导物姜黄素。并且进一步采用Western Blot检测证实了单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06通过ERS信号通路发挥诱导凋亡的作用。

综上所述,通过本实验研究发现,本课题组合成的新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06与其先导物姜黄素的抗癌机制不同,B06能较特异靶向ERS通路发挥抗癌作用,对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R具有较强的抑制作用,提示单羰基姜黄素结构类似物是可能抑制鼻咽癌放疗耐受的新药源。

[参考文献]

[1] Qi X,Mochly-Rosen D. The PKC{delta}-Abl complex communicates ER stress to the mitochondria-an essential step in subsequent apoptosis[J]. J Cell Sci,2008,121(Pt 6):804-813.

[2] Ou L,Wu Y,Ip C,et al. Apoptosis induced by t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by an atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response[J]. J Lipid Res,2008,49(5):985-994.

[3] Lee SY,Lee MS,Cherla RP,et al. Shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells[J]. Cell Microbiol,2008,10(3):770-780.

[4] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response:A stress signaling pathway critical for health and disease[J]. Neurology,2006,66(2 Suppl 1):102-109.

[5] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol,2006,(172):69-91.

[6] Malhotra JD,Kaufman RJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol,2007,18(6):716-731.

[7] Isohashi F,Endo H,Mukai M,et al. Insulin-like growth factor stimulation increases radiosensitivity of a pancreatic cancer cell line through endoplasmic reticulum stress under hypoxic conditions[J]. Cancer Sci,2008,99(12):2395-2401.

[8] Schonthal AH. Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(5):653-666.

[9] Li Y,Liu H,Huang YY,et al. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the downregulation of heparanase[J]. Int J Mol Med,2013,31(5):1234-1242.

[10] Lan YC,Chang CL,Sung MT,et al. Zoledronic acid-induced cytotoxicity through endoplasmic beticulum stress triggered REDD1-mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells[J]. Anticancer Res,2013,33(9):3807-3814.

[11] 潘运宝,曲昌菊,杨惠玲,等. 不同辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞细胞周期和形态学差异比较[J]. 中山大学学报(医学科学版),2009,30(Z1):38-41.

[12] Scott DW,Loo G. Curcumin-induced GADD153 upregulation:Modulation by glutathione[J]. J Cell Biochem,2007, 101(2):307-320.

[13] Pae HO,Jeong SO,Jeong GS,et al. Curcumin induces pro-apoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress in human leukemia HL-60 cells[J]. Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2007,353(4):1040-1045.

[14] Siddiqui RA,Harvey KA,Walker C,et al. Characterization of synergistic anti-cancer effects of docosahexaenoic acid and curcumin on DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice[J]. BMC Cancer,2013,13(1):418.

[15] Abouzeid AH,Patel NR,Rachman IM,et al. Anti-cancer activity of anti-GLUT1 antibody-targeted polymeric micelles co-loaded with curcumin and doxorubicin[J]. J Drug Target, 2013,21(10):994-1000.

[16] Hsu CH,Cheng AL. Clinical studies with curcumin[J]. Adv Exp Med Biol,2007,595: 471-480.

[17] Chakraborty S MN,Ghosh U,Bhattacharyya NP,et al. Curcumin-induced apoptosis inhuman leukemia cell HL-60 is associated with inhibition of telomerase activity[J]. Mol Cell Biochem, 2007,297(1-2):31-39.

(收稿日期:2013-11-13)

本实验研究中,我们利用已建立的鼻咽癌辐射耐受对比模型(专利号:200810199185.8),采用MTT法发现该新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R的半数抑制浓度低于1μM,大大超过其先导物姜黄素。并且进一步采用Western Blot检测证实了单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06通过ERS信号通路发挥诱导凋亡的作用。

综上所述,通过本实验研究发现,本课题组合成的新型单羰基姜黄素结构类似物B06与其先导物姜黄素的抗癌机制不同,B06能较特异靶向ERS通路发挥抗癌作用,对抗辐射鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-2R具有较强的抑制作用,提示单羰基姜黄素结构类似物是可能抑制鼻咽癌放疗耐受的新药源。

[参考文献]

[1] Qi X,Mochly-Rosen D. The PKC{delta}-Abl complex communicates ER stress to the mitochondria-an essential step in subsequent apoptosis[J]. J Cell Sci,2008,121(Pt 6):804-813.

[2] Ou L,Wu Y,Ip C,et al. Apoptosis induced by t10,c12-conjugated linoleic acid is mediated by an atypical endoplasmic reticulum stress response[J]. J Lipid Res,2008,49(5):985-994.

[3] Lee SY,Lee MS,Cherla RP,et al. Shiga toxin 1 induces apoptosis through the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in human monocytic cells[J]. Cell Microbiol,2008,10(3):770-780.

[4] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. The unfolded protein response:A stress signaling pathway critical for health and disease[J]. Neurology,2006,66(2 Suppl 1):102-109.

[5] Zhang K,Kaufman RJ. Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol,2006,(172):69-91.

[6] Malhotra JD,Kaufman RJ. The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response[J]. Semin Cell Dev Biol,2007,18(6):716-731.

[7] Isohashi F,Endo H,Mukai M,et al. Insulin-like growth factor stimulation increases radiosensitivity of a pancreatic cancer cell line through endoplasmic reticulum stress under hypoxic conditions[J]. Cancer Sci,2008,99(12):2395-2401.

[8] Schonthal AH. Pharmacological targeting of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in cancer[J]. Biochem Pharmacol,2013,85(5):653-666.

[9] Li Y,Liu H,Huang YY,et al. Suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced invasion and migration of breast cancer cells through the downregulation of heparanase[J]. Int J Mol Med,2013,31(5):1234-1242.

[10] Lan YC,Chang CL,Sung MT,et al. Zoledronic acid-induced cytotoxicity through endoplasmic beticulum stress triggered REDD1-mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells[J]. Anticancer Res,2013,33(9):3807-3814.

[11] 潘运宝,曲昌菊,杨惠玲,等. 不同辐射抗拒鼻咽癌细胞细胞周期和形态学差异比较[J]. 中山大学学报(医学科学版),2009,30(Z1):38-41.

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(收稿日期:2013-11-13)

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