侯宗辉

内容摘要：“从者”是汉代社会中普遍存在且数量不菲的一种群体身份的称谓。从汉简记载可知，“从者”是吏士等私人所雇佣的随从，故而又常被称为“私从者”或“私从”。“从者”多以青少年为主，具有户籍，可拥有爵位，是国家的编户民。“从者”以协助雇主完成公私事务为职事，并经常随从其一起因公差旅、参与各种具体事务的处理，有效地促进了行政效率和质量的提高。在边塞屯守系统中，“从者”被视为戍吏的家属成员，由政府统一配给廪食。对“从者”的探析，有助于更全面地分析边郡屯戍人口的构成与了解汉代社会关系与社会结构。

关键词：汉代；从者；身份；汉简

中图分类号：K877.5；K234 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1000-4106（2014）02-0132-09

On the Word “Congzhe” （Retinue） Seen in the Han Dynasty Bamboo Slips from Jianshuijinguan

HOU Zonghui

（Institute of history， Gansu Provincial Academy of Social Sciences， Lanzhou， Gansu 730070）

Abstract： “Congzhe” refers to a common group of people because they often acted as attendants employed privately by officials and scholars， also known as “Si congzhe” or “Si cong.” Most of them are youths who had permanent domiciles and could have a title of nobility. They were written into the household register. They not only assisted their employers in finishing their official or private business， but also traveled with their employers and participated in the management of different affairs， thus effectively improving the efficiency and quality of administrative work. In the frontier garrisons， “congzhe” refers to soldiersfamily members， and they got supplies from the government. This study will help better understand the composition of the frontier population and its social structure in the Han Dynasty.

Keywords： Han dynasty； Congzhe； Identity； Han dynasty bamboo slips

在秦汉史籍中会偶见“从者”一词，但其记载均极精炼，形象模糊，使人难得其详。最新出版的《肩水金关汉简（壹）》与《肩水金关汉简（贰）》中①，有20余枚与“从者”有关的记载，而且有近三分之一是以“从者”为主体的专门记述，这有助于我们更深入地了解汉代的“从者”。

本文即以肩水金关汉简为中心，就“从者”相关问题作初步探讨，不妥之处，敬请方家指正。

一 “从者”的身份称谓

“从者”是汉代社会中一种常见的、普遍的身份称谓。《汉书·两龚传》：“王莽秉政，胜与汉俱乞骸骨。自昭帝时，涿郡韩福以德行征至京师，赐策书束帛遣归。诏曰：‘朕闵劳以官职之事，其务修孝弟以教乡里。行道舍传舍，县次具酒肉，食从者及马。”师古注曰：“道次给酒食，并食其从者及马也。”[1]《汉书·韦玄成传》云：“少好学，修父业，尤谦逊下士。……