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《居延新简》所记屯戍信息及其价值考论

2014-04-29马克冬张显成

敦煌研究 2014年2期

马克冬 张显成

内容摘要:出土文献《居延新简》中,共有屯戍及相关词语68个,用例902个,可分为屯戍吏卒的职责、与之相关的边塞地形、伤病情况等三大类。《居延新简》中的这些词语及其用例可弥补传世文献的不足,帮助我们更清楚地了解汉代的屯戍制和边塞吏卒的工作、生活等方面的情况,并对某些词语有新的认识,从而有助于大型语文辞书的编纂和修订。

关键词:《居延新简》;屯戍词语;研究价值

中图分类号:K877.5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2014)02-0127-05

About the Value and Garrison Information Provided by the New Bamboo Slips Found in Juyan

MA Kedong1,2 ZHANG Xiancheng2

(1. College of Humanities, Bijie University, Bijie, Guizhou 551700; 2. Research Institute of Documents, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715)

Abstract: There are 68 words about frontier garrisons and 902 examples in the Bamboo Slips Found in Juyan. They could be divided into three categories, namely, the garrison officials and soldiers duties, the relevant terrain, and the injuries. These words and their cases in the Bamboo Slips Found in Juyan may supplement ancient literature, help us better understand the garrison system as well as the work, life, and other aspects of life for frontier officials and soldiers in the Han dynasty. They also help to understand some vocabulary, and thus contribute to the compilation and revision of large—scale dictionaries.

Keywords: New Bamboo Slips Found in Juyan; Words about garrison; Research value

居延新简为西北屯戍汉简之一,主要是两汉在居延地区屯戍时留下的文书,具有很高的文献真实性,对研究当时的屯戍情况弥足珍贵。下面以《居延新简——甲渠候官》(下文简称为《居延新简》)[1]为对象,分析其中的屯戍及相关词语,并探讨其价值之所在。

《居延新简》中屯戍及相关词语共68个,用例902个,可分为屯戍吏卒的职责、与之相关的边塞地形、伤病情况等三大类。具体情况如下表所示:

一 屯戍吏卒的职责

屯戍吏卒的主要职责是驻守边塞,侦察人员出入情况,并维护社会治安等。相关词语有37个,即戍、署、(为)职、发、备、迹、越、画、葆、入、出、去、到、来、还、亡、候、朢(望)、捕、征逮、追逋、索、行、(行)视、守、乘、逐、督、举、燔、火、传、通、和受、如品、如约、毋绝;用例共694个。如:

1. “戍”等

《居延新简》中“戍”字共出现184次,除词义不明5处外,“戍卒”出现173次,“戍、田卒”出现2次,“戍”单用4次。如:入戍卒十九人(EPT68.198);戍、田卒七十人,用食百五十九石六斗九升少(EPT56.30);发卒戍、田(EPT51.15)。其中,“戍”表示防守边疆,“戍卒”指被征发到边关服役的士兵。……

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