一幅明代水陆画颜料的分析鉴别
2014-04-29王欢欢程爱民马清林王治涛王昌燧
王欢欢 程爱民 马清林 王治涛 王昌燧
内容摘要:水陆画是水陆法会供奉的绘画,它在我国绘画史上占有特殊的位置。本研究利用体视显微镜、偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱和拉曼光谱等技术,首次对明代绢本水陆画颜料的形貌、成分进行了观察和测试,并分析了它的保存状况。研究表明,其红色颜料为混有少量铅丹的朱砂;蓝色颜料由蓝铜矿、赭石和白云母混合而成;浅蓝色颜料为靛蓝;绿色颜料的主体成分为氯铜矿,间有少量孔雀石和蓝铜矿;白色颜料则为水白铅矿及微量石膏。观察显示,部分颜料有开裂和剥落的现象。不难认识到,此项工作可为水陆画的颜料使用、保护修复和艺术史研究提供有价值的信息。
关键词:水陆画;颜料;体视显微镜;荧光光谱;拉曼光谱
中图分类号:K854.3 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-4106(2014)05-0119-06
Identifying the Pigmentsof a Ming-dynasty
Water-and-Land Painting
WANG Huanhuan1,2 CHEN Aimin3 MA Qinglin4 WANG Zhitao5 WANG Changsui1,2
(1.Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100044;
2.Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044;
3.Leitai Museum of the Han Chinese Culture,Wuwei,Gansu 733000;
4.Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing 100029;
5.Beijing Tingyunguan Culture Investment Limited Company, Beijing 100081)
Abstract: Water-and-land-paintings were used as water-and-land religious assembly consecration paintings, which enjoy a special position in the history of Chinese paintings. Astereomicroscope, a polarizing microscope, X- ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Raman spectra were applied in this research to analyze the physical appearance, conservation conditions, and sample components from a water-and-land painting taken from Gulang Museum.The results indicate that the red pigments are mainly cinnabar with some red lead; the blue is a mixture of azurite, hematite, and muscovite; the light blue is indigo; the greens are mainly atacamite and malachite with a little azurite; and the white pigments are hydrocerussite and tiny gypsum. Further observation shows that some pigments are cracking and spalling. This research can provide information valuable for effective art protection and restoration, and for art history research.
Keywords: water-and-land painting; pigment; stereomicroscope; polarizing microscope; X-ray fluorescence spectrometry; Raman spectra
0 引 言
水陆法会,即“法界圣凡水陆普度大斋胜会”,简称水陆会,亦称水陆道场、悲济会等,是我国佛教的一种隆重宗教仪式。它以供奉神佛、念诵经文和施舍食物等方式来超度亡灵、祈福延年和救赎六道众生。起源于南朝的水陆画[1],是水陆法会上供奉的宗教绘画,计有壁画、版画、石刻和卷轴画等形式,涵盖不同等级宗教人物故事[2],它在我国美术史、戏剧史、宗教史、民俗史和服饰史上皆占有特殊的地位[3]。
河西地区水陆画大多绘制于明代,正逢敦煌绘画绝迹之时。尽管如此,它与敦煌藏经洞的绢、纸画以及元代的壁画风格相近,可视为敦煌艺术的延伸,其便于移动的优点,又被誉为可移动的敦煌壁画[4]。……
