苏晓文

摘要：中国建筑文化博大精深，不仅有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化底蕴，也蕴含着深厚的哲理思想。四合院作为中国传统民居的典型代表，从根本上反映了中国传统居住建筑的思想。例如以人为本，创作思维上崇尚“天人合一”的精神，注意环境与建筑交融，崇尚自然美和人性文化所演绎的悟性共鸣的美学原则和建筑形态的构成原则等，而中国人深层的世界观、自然观等民族意识也常通过传统建筑空间特性的塑造反映出来。对于我们来说，继承和发扬先人留下的这笔宝贵财富，并使之应用于现代住宅设计之中，这才是我们的当务之急。

关键词：传统 文化 四合院 现代住宅

中图分类号：TU2文献标识码：A

Abstract: The Chinese architectural culture and profound, not only has a long history and rich cultural background, also contains profound philosophic thinking. Courtyard as a typical representative of Chinese traditional local-style dwelling houses, fundamentally reflect the thought of Chinese traditional residential building. Such as people-oriented, advocating the spirit of "harmony between man and nature" on creative thinking, attention to the environment and architecture, believe in the beauty of nature and human culture understanding resonance interpretation of the aesthetic principle and the composition of the architectural form principle, etc., and the Chinese deep view of the world, view of nature, such as national consciousness is often reflected by traditional architectural space characteristics. For us to inherit and carry forward the ancestors left behind the precious wealth, and the application in modern residential design, this is our top priority.

Key Words: traditional； culture； courtyard；modern residential

中图分类号：TU2文献标识码：A

1 四合院的历史和文化背景

四合院，是由东西南北四面房子围合起来形成的内院式住宅。在中国有着相当悠久的历史，根据现有文物资料分析，早在两千多年前就已出现了四合院形式的住宅。

自元代正式建都北京，大规模规划建设都城时起，四合院就与北京的宫殿、衙署、街区、坊巷和胡同同时出现了。据元末熊梦祥所著《析津志》载：“大街制，自南以至于北谓之经，自东至西谓之纬。大街二十四步阔，三百八十四火巷，二十九街通。”这里所谓“街通”即我们今日所称胡同，胡同与胡同之间是供臣民建造住宅的地皮。

当时，元世祖忽必烈“诏旧城居民之过京城老，以赀高（有钱人）及居职（在朝廷供职）者为先，乃定制以地八亩为一分”，分给迁京之官贾营建住宅，北京传统四合院住宅大规模形成即由此开始。……