追寻本真的生活空间

In Pursuit of a More Natural Living Space

规矩准绳Physical standard for engineering construction建筑标准化Buildingstandardization中华建筑文明圈Chinese architectureculture circle

——《考工记》

When craftsmen built a capital city,the capital should cover 81 square li(one li equals 0.5 kilometers),with three gates in each of the city walls.Within the capital,there should run nine north tosouth roads and nine east to west roads,each with a width capable of holding nine carts.”

——《礼记》

“When people painted columns in ancient China,red is reserved for emperors,black for dukes, cyan for senior officials,and yellow for other officials.”

——《营造法式》

“All principles of housing construction are based on materials.Materials fall into eight grades and different grades of materials are used for houses of different sizes.

汉长安南郊礼制建筑中心建筑复原图

中国建筑木架构示意图

自神话中伏羲、女娲创世以来，中国古代能工巧匠手握规、矩、准绳，用榫卯、夯土、穿斗架等技术，带领着中华先民一步步走出巢穴之居，登上了亭台楼阁。而手握权柄的帝王将相则凭借中央集权的法律和组织体系，主导了中国古代数千年建筑标准化实践，兴建起无数宫阙、陵寝，造就了长城、运河等伟大工程。

Since Fu Xi and Goddess of Nuwa had created the world in the Age of Mythology,skilled craftsmen in ancient China used compasses,set squares and plumb lines as well as the techniques of tenoning,earth ramming,Chuandou Frame and others in housing construction,so that people could leave caves and live in elegant buildings.Due to the centralized legal and organizational system,architecture standardization was dominated by kings and emperors for thousands of years.They built numerous palaces and mau-soleums,as well as huge projects such as the Great Wall and the Grand Canal.

周代设立司空“兴事任力”，东汉以“民曹尚书”掌缮修功作，两晋南北朝“起部尚书”主天下兴造之政，唐代设立的工部沿袭至明清，负责管理全国工程、水利与器用。中国历代工官与千万聪慧匠人一道，夙兴夜寐，穷尽造型之巧，成就土木之功，为后世树起了三座古代建筑标准化史上的里程碑。

Official positions were set for management of engineering and construction in different dynasties, such as the“Si kong”in the Zhou Dynasty,“Mincao Shangshu”in the Eastern Han Dynasty,“Qibu Shangshu”in the Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties.In the Tang Dynasty,the Ministry of Works was established and was inherited by the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The construction ministerial officials and master craftsmen of various dynasties dedicated themselves to sophisticated construction and created three milestone works in history of architecture standardization in ancient China.

《考工记》作为中国最早的一部工程技术专著，记载了春秋战国之际城市规划思想、建筑标准尺度以及工程测量技术；《营造法式》是中国官方颁布最早的营造法典，它集合了制度、功限、材例等营造之大成，“材分八等”的标准化思想标志着以木结构为主的房屋建筑技术在宋代达到高度成熟阶段；清朝工部颁发的《工程做法》形成了一整套备料、建造工艺程序，确定了用工、用料固定算法，在高效控制建筑成本的同时，可用于准确监控工程营造各阶段。

As the earliest work of engineering in China,the Book of Diverse Crafts recorded the concepts of city planning,construction specifications and engineering surveying technologies in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period.As the earliestofficialbookofconstructioncode,“Yingzao Fashi”(a Chinese treatise on architecture)included systems,functions and material properties.The standardization concept of“eight grades of materials”symbolized that the techniques for wooden architecture had become highly sophisticatedinSongDynasty.The“Gongcheng Zuofa”(Engineering Practices),issued by the Ministry of Works in Qing Dynasty, defined a complete set of procedures for material preparation and building processes;and formulated calculation methods for labor and material use, which could be used to accurately supervise all stages of construction and ensure an efficient control of construction costs.

在技术标准的支撑下，中华先贤循着“华夷秩序”，以特有的风水、礼制和空间美等建筑智慧，引领东亚在历史上形成了“中华建筑文明圈”……

Withthetechnicalsupportofstandard,followingthe“Huayi Order”,the forefathers of the Chinese nationledEastAsiatoestablishuniqueChineseArchitectural Culture Circle based on geomantic omen, socialinstitutions,andaestheticideals.

略过近世的民族坎坷，究竟过往的辉煌成就，在技术理性思想大行其道的今天，我们有理由坚信，复兴和发展中国传统建筑文化，借助标准化技术手段追求建筑与自然、生态的和谐统一，终将促使地球的居民们回归于本真的生活空间。

Today,technical rational thought has become popular.Reviewing the history,we believe that harmony among architecture,nature and ecology can be achieved with the support of technical standard,which is the way to rejuvenate the traditional Chinese architectural culture and achieve a global natural living space.

（支持单位：上海市标准化研究院 整理：杨超 叶笑欣）