余平

Backward Design可以更广阔地开拓教师思维，改变对教材的角色定位，丰富并充实教学内容。

下面以话题复习系列之十三“健康（Health）”为例，说明如何进行Backward Design。

1. 确定预期的学习目标

根据知识分层模式，笔者着手对本节课的知识进行分层梳理如下。

2. 确定需要给予评价的内容和措施

评价是实现预期学习目标的重要保障。针对不同层次的知识应采用不同的、有针对性的评价方法。我所预设的评价内容有词汇的默写；听后的速记能力；对阅读的评价；对作文的评价。

3. 教学设计

知识与技能： 通过头脑风暴激活学生已有词汇，并结合日常用语表达交际用语。通过对健康话题的多角度探讨深入浅出导入写作目标。培养学生速记、速听、速读、速写的能力。

过程与方法：激活—运用—拓展—再运用—信息输入—内化。

情感与态度：鼓励学生发散思维，多角度分析事物，形成正确的观点，获得阅读后的愉悦感和满足感。

4. 教学过程

Step 1： Talk about the picture

Picture 1： tell the parts of the body （图片滑稽有趣，吸引眼球，输出词汇并默写，默写全对者奖一面小红旗）

Picture 2—7： Whats the matter with him/ her？

He/ She had a cold/ flu/ fever/ toothache/ stomachache/ sore throat. His left leg was hurt. She hit into the tree. He ate something wrong.

说明：以图片作为媒介激发学生唤起短语或句子的复习，再次夯实词汇量。（表达正确的奖小红旗）

Step 2： Free Talk （推出评价要求：速记他人所使用的词、句。 记得多的小组奖大红旗）

Talk about last weeks flu happened in your school.（当时的热点话题）

捕捉学生使用的较好的句子，词汇，加以拓展，推广学习。比方有同学用到了I was seriously ill. /I had a terrible stomachache after the meal. He had to call his father to take him to see the doctor. / My mother did not allow me to take any medicines， she just asked me to drink more warm water. / I had a headache and I could not remember anything. / I was very worried about my exams. / You should not be too stressed out， take it easy. / Do you have any good advice？ / Youd better stay at home a few days. / Oh， I must be away from school. How upset I was！

Step 3： Listening practice（2篇）

Listen and fill in the blanks（题目设计成 “听填信息”）

第一篇是关于积极锻炼的材料，第二篇是因忙于生意而身体较差的Tim不得不接受医生的建议。（精选材料是为了激发学生热爱英语学习，这在Backward Design时所必需要考虑的）

通过本听力材料学生感悟怎样去保持健康。逐步接近读写话题“How to keep healthy？”

Step 4： Reading（2篇）

课堂阅读。一篇关于饮食与健康、锻炼与健康的关系的文章，一篇关于古代智者如何应急突发病人。（在报纸和阅读书中找的）快速阅读，学生讲解答案。（自评。满分者奖小红旗）

Step 5：读写综合（1篇）

Last Tuesday， a little girl died after eating some fried chicken. Her father bought the chicken for her from a street seller in Fenzhuang Village， Fengtai， Beijing. After testing the girl， the doctor said she was poisoned（中毒）by Nitrites（亚硝酸盐）. Some experts suggest that we should buy food with QS signs. They are safer.

After hearing about the accident， many people feel more worried about food safety because there have been many food safety problems in our country these years. For example， poisonous rice， oil， milk and so on have been found out recently， people feel quite afraid because these poisonous foods are rather bad for their health and even kill them. They want the government to do something to stop such poisonous foods and drinks appearing again so that they can have safe and healthy foods and drinks.

本篇读写材料从北京一位女孩因吃街边小吃中毒而死的事件说明吃不卫生食品对中学生身心发展不利。所选材料贴近生活，很容易引起读者的共鸣。到此环节旨在拓展学生国际视野，形成健全情感、态度和价值观。学生通过欣赏语言文字，理解篇章和文章思想，进一步激发写作欲望。学生根据此材料作文，夹叙夹议，水到渠成。

写作评价方法：两人在黑板现场作文。其他独立作文。两分钟后师生共同评判黑板上的作文，标出得分点和扣分点。然后同座互评。互评时我要求读出各自的作文，共同修改，标出得分点和扣分点，再打分。然后再由同学们说出他们在互批过程中发现的好句以供大家参考学习，也要说出典型错词错句以供大家纠错。

责任编辑 邱 丽