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Units16-17重难点解析

2008-05-13野新玉

中学英语之友·高二版 2008年4期
关键词:及物动词宾语短语

野新玉

Unit 16

1.Wang Xiao has taken notes from a radio programme about New York City. 王晓听了介绍纽约市的电台节目并做了笔记。

note作名词,意为“笔记;摘要;注释”。常见短语take notes表示“做笔记;做记录”;take notes/a note of sth.表示“记下……”。例如:

Take notes, please! 请做笔记!

Can you take notes of what the speaker said at the meeting?

你能记下发言人在会上所说的吗?

相关链接:

make a note/notes(of)

记笔记;记录

compare notes

交流经验;交换看法

2. What does your hometown look like? 你的家乡是什么样子?

What does…look like? 用于询问某人(或某物)外表看起来如何,侧重人或事物的外表。What is sb./sth. like? 用于询问人或物内在的品质、个性或外表,以及天气。What does sb. like?用于询问某人喜欢什么。How does sb. like…?意为“某人认为……怎么样?”相当于How does sb. find…?或What does sb. think of…?用于询问某人对某事的看法。例如:

What is Tom like? 汤姆是个怎样的人?

What does Tom like? 汤姆喜欢什么?

How does Tom like the film? 汤姆认为这部电影怎么样?

3.Ever since the Civil War, the South has struggled to find ways to deal with its troubled past. 自从美国内战以来美国南部一直在设法寻找解决棘手的历史问题的方式。

(1)ever since意为“从那时起一直到现在”,既可独立使用,又可后接指时间的名词或从句。例如:

Ive been here ever since the year 1980.=I came here in 1980 and I have been here ever since.

自从1980年起到现在我一直在这儿。

He has been at my bedside (ever) since I became ill. 自从我生病以来,他一直在我床边陪伴着我。

[注意]ever since在引导时间状语从句时,主句中常用完成时态。

(2)deal with是“动词+介词”短语,意为“处理;对待;对付;论述或谈论(某问题);关于(主要指书籍、文章等的内容)”等。例如:

I dont know how to deal with the problem. 我不知道怎么样处理这个问题。

Such people are difficult to deal with.

这种人不好对付。

The book deals with problems of pollution. 这本书论述了污染问题。

相关链接:

deal with与do with的区别:

二者意义相同,但deal with中deal为不及物动词,只能在deal with后接宾语,故常与how连用。do with中的do是及物动词,须在do和with后都接宾语,故常与what连用,另外do with还有“如何打发日子”“与……相处”之意。

4.The injustices in the city and in the South led Dr King to organise non-violent demonstrations aimed at ending segregation. 这个城市和整个南方的不公正迫使金博士组织非暴力的示威,目的是结束种族隔离制度。

aimed at是过去分词短语作定语,修饰demonstrations,相当于一个定语从句which were aimed at ending segregation。aim at意为“目的在于;企图;对……瞄准;力争”,后接名词或动词-ing形式。例如:

The enemy aimed his gun at the brave soldier.

敌人把枪对准了那位勇敢的战士。

These girls worked out every morning, aiming at losing weight.

这些女孩每天早晨锻炼是为了减肥。

I dont know at whom his remarks were aimed. 我不知道他的话是针对谁。

相关链接:

(1)honour作名词时,相关短语还有:

show honour to sb.向某人表示敬意

have the honour of…有……之荣幸

(2)honour作动词讲时,其相关短语有:

be honoured for因……受到尊敬

be honoured with给予……的荣誉

be/feel honoured by

因……感到极大荣幸

5.His funeral was shown on television and millions of Americans watched as people marched through Atlanta in honour of Dr King. 电视上播放了他的葬礼,为向金博士致敬,人们组织了穿过亚特兰大的游行,上百万美国民众目睹了这一场面。

in honour of/in sb.s honour意为“为了纪念……,为了向……表示敬意”。例如:

He was given a medal in honour of his great contribution to our country. 为了纪念他对国家的伟大贡献,授予他一枚奖章。

6.…, but the people there are determined to make a new beginning. ……,但是那里的人民正坚定地走向新的开始。

determine作动词,表示“决定”。常用词组be determined to do/that意为“下决心做某事”,相当于make up ones mind to do sth.。例如:

He is determined that no one should know anything about it.

他下决心不让任何人知道这事。

He was determined to learn English well. 他下决心学好英语。

相关链接:

insist on与stick to的用法:

这两个词组都作“坚持”讲,但用法不同:

stick to多用于“坚持”原则、计划、决定、诺言、意见等。

insist on多用于“坚持”意见、看法、主张,常常与“说”有关系。

7.He insists on us showing him respect. 他坚决要求我们尊敬他。

insist可以是及物动词,也可以是不及物动词,意为“坚持;坚决主张”,其用法如下:

(1)当作不及物动词用时,后接on或upon引起的短语,构成insist on sth./doing sth.结构。例如:

I insist on an early reply.

我坚决要求早日答复。

He insisted on doing the work all by himself. 他坚持自己做这项工作。

(2)insist作及物动词,接名词性从句时,如果表示坚持做某事,意为“坚持要求;一定要求”时,从句的谓语要用虚拟语气,即“should+动词原形”来表示,should可以省略。例如:

Her father insisted that she(should) learn music after she left school.

她的父亲坚持要她中学毕业后学音乐。

(3)如果表示坚持观点、态度时,意为“坚持说;坚持认为”,that引出的名词性从句不用虚拟语气。例如:

He insisted that he hadnt stolen the money. 他坚持说他没偷钱。

The lady insisted that she was right.

那位女士坚持认为她是正确的。

相关链接:

by turns

轮流地;轮班;交替地

take turns at doing sth. 轮流做某事

take turns to do sth.

轮流做某事

It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。

8.This in turn had an effect on the food supply for wolves.

于是又对狼群的食物供应产生影响。

(1)in turn意为“反过来又……;轮流地;依次;挨次;转而”。例如:

Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice. 理论以实践为基础,反过来又为实践服务。

Each student in turn got up and spoke.

每个学生依次起立发言。

(2)have an effect on/upon意为“对……产生影响”。(=affect vt.)其中effect为可数名词,意为“结果;影响;作用;效果”,其搭配还有have an ill/good/great effect on/upon…“对……有不良/好的/很大的影响”;have no/little effect on/upon“对……没有影响/作用”;bring/carry/put…into/to effect“实行;实现”。例如:

Smoking has a bad effect on health. =Smoking affects health badly.

吸烟对人体有很大害处。

Did the medicine have any side effect on you? 这药对你有副作用吗?

You must carry your plan to effect.

你必须实施你的计划。

相关链接:

take advantage of;

make the most of;

make the best of

都有“利用”之意。

9.Later settlers make use of the bison in the same way as the Native Americans. 后来,移民们象美国本土居民一样用同样的方法利用野牛。

(1)make use of是动词短语,意为“利用”。use可以被good (better, the best), much, little, no, full等修饰。例如:

You should make good use of any opportunity to practise English.

你应该好好利用任何机会练习英语。

(2)make use of sth.是“动词+名词+介词”形式的短语动词,其被动结构有两种。当sth.作主语时为:sth.+be made use of;当名词use作主语时为:use+be made of sth.。例如:

Our time should be made good use of to finish it on time.=Good use should be made of time to finish it on time.

充分利用时间,争取按时完成任务。

相关链接:

award与prize, reward的区别:

prize作名词,意为“奖品;奖金”(=award);

reward作名词,意为“奖赏;报酬;酬金;报答”;作及物动词,意为“报答;酬谢”,后只接一个宾语,通常以人或人的行为作宾语,句型是:reward sb. with sth.表示“用……来报答某人”。

Unit 17

10.She is one of the best students in her class and she won an award for young scientists last year. 她在班上是最好的学生之一,去年曾获小科学家奖。

award作名词,意为“奖品;奖金;助学金”;作及物动词,意为“颁发;酬谢;判给”。在结构上,award后可接双宾语,award sb. sth./award sth. to sb.表示“授予某人……奖”;receive/win/get an award表示“获奖/得到奖赏”。例如:

The film awards are presented annually.

电影奖一年颁发一次。

Shes been awarded a scholarship to study at Oxford.

她获得了去牛津大学念书的奖学金。

They awarded her the Nobel Prize. 他们授予她诺贝尔奖。

She showed us the athletics awards she had won.

她给我们看她赢得的体育运动奖。

相关链接:

opportunity与chance的区别:

二者都有“机会”之意,但chance强调机会的偶然性,也有“可能”之意,opportunity则强调合适的机会,正好便利行事;二者均可与to do或of doing连用;chance后可接从句,但opportunity不行。例如:

There is a chance that he will succeed. 他有获胜的机会。(that引导一个同位语从句)

11.Today there are more opportunities for disabled people to develop their potential, live a rich life and make a contribution to society. 如今,残疾人有更多的机会来发挥他们的潜力,使他们的生活更加丰富多彩,并且为社会作出一定的贡献。

(1)opportunity作名词,意为“机会”,后接to do或of doing。例如:

You shouldnt miss the opportunity to see the play—its rarely put on.你不要错过看那出戏的机会,它可难得上演。

I got an opportunity of visiting/to visit New York. 我获得了一次去纽约旅游的机会。

(2)potential作名词,意为“潜力;可能性”,常与for搭配,即(a) potential for sth.。作形容词,意为“可能的;有潜力的;潜在的”。例如:

He has potential as an artist.

他有做艺术家的潜质。

The book is probably a potential best seller. 该书或许可能成为一本畅销书。

相关链接:

a matter of opinion

(理论)看法问题

a matter of life and death 生死攸关的事情

as a matter of fact

事实上;其实

It doesn't matter.

没关系。

the matter 麻烦事

12.The best way to help is often simply a matter of opening doors and offering guidance. 帮助残疾人的最好办法其实很简单,就是开门引导。

a matter of意为“(关于)……的问题”;matter意为“事情;问题”。例如:

This is a matter of principle. 这是一个原则性问题。

Its not a matter of laughing. 这可不是开玩笑的事情。

13.I have learnt to live with my body as it is and adjusted my way of life. 我已经学会了接受自己有残疾的身体,而且已经适应了自己的生活方式。

(1)as it is可看作是一个固定句型,意为“就以现在这个样子”“按现在情况看”,指不再做改变、改进、改善、修理等。在这一结构中it is可随人称而变化。例如:

We were hoping to have a holiday next week as it is, we may not be able to get away.

我们原来盼望下星期放假,按目前情况看,我们是走不了了。

[注意]as it is/was还有“事实上”之意,在句中作插入语。as it is放在句末意思是“按原状”“照原来的样子”。

(2)adjust在句中作及物动词,表示“调整;调节;校正”。它也可以作不及物动词,表示“适应”后接to。常用短语adjust(sth./oneself)to sth.表示“使适应,适应”。例如:

The brakes of your bike needs adjusting.

你的自行车闸需要调节。

The desks and seats can be adjusted to the height of any child.这些桌子和凳子能调整到适合任何高度的孩子。

Farmers have difficulty in adjusting(themselves) to city life.

农民们难以适应城市生活。

相关链接:

(1)assistance作名词,意为“帮助;协助”。assistance作名词,意为“助手;助理”。

(2)assist与aid, help的区别:

这三个词都有“帮助”之意,assist强调提供帮助者只是起辅助作用,主导者仍是被帮助者。aid含有较强者帮助较弱者摆脱困境的意思。help最为常用,并强调帮助所产生的积极效果。例如:

He had previously aided her with money and legal advice.

他以前曾对她进行过经济和法律咨询方面的帮助。

14.They not only learn how to assist disabled people, but also learn the importance of cooperation to reach their goals in life. 他们不仅能学会怎么样去帮助残疾人,而且还懂得与人合作以达到他们的生活目标的重要性。

assist作及物和不及物动词,意为“帮助;援助;协助”。常用句型assist sb. with sth.表示“辅助某人……”;assist sb. to do sth.表示“辅助某人做某事”。例如:

The monitor assisted the teacher with many of his duties.

班长协助老师做很多工作。

15.By preparing for and participating in the Special Olympics,mentally disabled children and adults can develop their ability to move, …智障儿童和成人通过筹备和参加特奥会,可以发展他们的活动能力, ……

participate作不及物动词,意为“参与;参加”。其名词为:participant“参加者;参与者”。participation“参与;参加”。participate in sth. with sb.表示“同某人参与某事”。例如:

He actively participated in politics at that time. 当时他积极参与政治活动。

相关链接:

participate in=take part in, 但participate in更正式,take part in更口语化。二者都没有被动语态。

16.We must make sure that all of us have equal access to all areas and facilities. 我们务必让我们所有的人有同样的机会去公共场所并利用公共设施。

access作名词,表示“接近;进入;通路;接近或进入的方法;到达(使用)的权利或机会”。例如:

I have access to his office. 我可以进他办公室。

The only access to their house is along a narrow road.

到他们家的唯一通道是一条狭窄的路。

Students need easy access to books/the internet.

学生需要获得图书/上网的方便途径。

[注意]表“(向场所、人等的)接近、进入;(资料等的)取得、利用”时,access一般为不可数名词,后接介词to。例如:

Only high officials had access to the Emperor.

只有高级官员才可以接近皇帝。

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