韩宇航

一.Whatever做让步状语从句的情况：

（一）whatever 做让步状语从句后面常引导的句子结构：

1.Whatever+主语+谓语：（这里所指的主谓结构，即以主语+谓语为基础的基本结构，根据具体情况，可用SV,SVO,SVC等基本句型，下文提到的主谓结构皆是如此）

①Whatever abstract logic may suggest,…[1]

②Whatever the line is,it needs to be drawn by Congress.

注意，在第一种结构中，有时会在主语后面加一个主谓结构做定语，修饰用做主语的名词，例如：

③"... all communities, of whatever nature they may be are impelled by a secret instinct towards independence.

在这种结构中whatever相当于是其后面名词的前置修饰语，表示后面被修饰名词的一种属性或状态。

此外，在第一种结构中，还有一种非常见特殊情况，如下面例句④：

④whatever be the reasons for it, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.[i]

在第④例句中，原形be的这种用法，是古英语的残存，be放在了主语the reasons之前。关于该让步状语从句，现代英语可以这样表达：

⑴Whatever the reasons forit（are）

⑵Whatever the reasons forit（maybe）

⑶Whatever the reasons forit（willbe）

⑷Whatever the reasons forit（为了简练，上面三个括号中的斜体部分，可以全部省略）

2.Whatever+谓语：（例句①-③谓语主要为实义动词，例句④-⑦则以be动词结构为主）[1]

①The law is whatever makes the best sense of the relevant legal materials.

②The law is either (a)whatever satisfies the criteria that officials treat as providing the necessary and sufficient conditions of making…

③some to the avenues of speech or to swell the aggregate amount of speech beyond whatever would result from the decisions of private speakers enjoying " absolute freedom from First Amendment…

④Whatever are you talking about

⑤And all the graphics or whatever are just so silly,….

⑥…or whatever are disrupted, they don’t always change the same…

⑦Whatever are still figuring out,…

3.Whatever+名词：

①…for which"neither reporter nor source is immune from conviction for such conduct, whatever the impact on the flow of news. "

②Whatever the setting,humor tailored to the occasion can be highly effective.

4.Whatever+不定式+that从句

①Though the arresting officer "had no other reason whatever to suppose that the suspect might be armed,"…

（二）Whatever 做让步状语从句前面常用的引导词归纳总结：

当whatever 做让步状语从句时，前面的引导词通常与“whatever”后面所接名词紧密相关，如下面例句⑴①中source表示“起源”，若要表示“从…中起源时”，常与“from”搭配

⑴from：

①"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,

⑵along with：

①…levels after the competition, including any preparation done before the competition, along with whatever the student learned during the preparation for the CDC.

⑶in：

①recruits would not receive in law school.30 Rather than immediately immersing the new recruit in whatever specialized area of the law the firm currently needed,同理，该例句中in明显是与其后面的area搭配，表示“在…的领域中

⑷of

①of the corporate legal market, law firms could pass most of the cost of whatever resources they did invest in training junior associates on to their clients.

⑸to

①in order to follow the remainder of the argument：to whatever extent doctrines are problematically parochial in the aggregate,

一 般 extent常 接 to， 如“to some extent”，表示在“某种程度上”，此句中“whatever”相当于做“extent”的定语，用于修饰extent

⑹on

①As a result, they argued Congress had sweeping authority to remake the Confederacy on whatever plan it saw fit.

二.笔者认为no matter what与whatever 在用法结构上极为相似，基本上可分为以下几种结构：

1.no matter what+主语+谓语：

① Afterwards Broadbent,perhaps realizing that everyone is going to watch this no matter what he says,…

与whatever 类似，在第一种结构中，no matter what修饰名词时，该名词必须紧随其后，后面同样为“主+谓”结构，例如：

②Girls will continue to scrape their knees forever, no matter what name people call them.

③Buffalo WomenServices,the providers will be there for patients no matter what decision they make about their pregnancies.

2.no matter what+谓语：

①No matter what happens, they're still going to be a player.

3.no matter what+名词：

①I'll make all appearances no matter what the circumstances,…

4.与whatever有所不同的是，no matter what可以单独使用，并在后面加上完整的句子且用逗号隔开，例如：

①No matter what, I'm going to get better today.

三.No matter how的用法：

No matter how与No matter what同样也有共通之处，只不过因为疑问词的不同，其后分别所搭配的词性也就有所不同。前面已经提到，no matter what最常用的结构是no matter what+名词+主谓结构；类似地，no matter how最常用的结构则是no matter how+形容词/副词+主谓结构

1.no matter how +形容词/副词+主谓结构：

①But no matter how good he is at 14,…

②Congress cannot delegate rulemaking authority to private parties no matter how carefully it specifies an intelligible principle.

注意：在此类结构中，no matter how常加many, much,often等这类固定搭配词，后面加主谓结构，例如：

③No matter how often we repeat our favorite platitudes, …

④No matter how much I wish he would go away.

⑤And it's a quality that no matter how many pleasing interviews she does and how many twisted defenses she can offer,…

⑥No matter how many times we straighten it out, it keeps curling back.

⑦…,no matter how many people voted for it.

略有不同的是，no matter how加many时，many后通常会带有所修饰的名词，后面依然通常为主谓结构，如上述⑤⑥句。有时则据实际情况，many后面的名词即为主谓结构中的主语，如上述⑦句。

2.no matter how+主谓结构：

①No matter how she does it,…

四.however 做让步状语从句时，也同理。主要结构同No matter how 相似，主要有两种：

1.however+形容词/副词+主谓结构：[2]

①She has the window open, however cold it is outside.

②However carefully I explained, she still didn’t understand.

2.however+主谓结构

①However you look at it, it’s going to cost a lot.

五.whether做让步状语从句的情况：[3]

1.由whether引导让步状语从句时，一方面其可以引导句子，另一方面也常与“or”或“or not”进行搭配，也可以称这类从句为选择性让步从句（alternative conditional---concessive clause）

例如：①You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.

②I’m going whether you like it or not.

③ Whether or not we’re successful, we can be sure that we did our best.

2.为了强调，有时whether前也可用no matter.

例如：④No matter whether you agree or not, I shall pay him the price he asked.

⑤Rates are paid by the occupiers of houses or shops,no matter whether they are owners or not.

3、Whether 引导名词性分句时，该名词性分句可在句中作介词补足成分：

例如：①Vanya’s experiences show that if someone can do their job really well,then the question of whether they are male or female is not important.

六.If,though, lest, although在让步状语从句中的特殊用法总结：

1.注：be- 型虚拟式能用于由 if, though, lest(正 式)（表“以免”）等引导的分句中表示让步等含义。例如：[5]

If the rumor be true,everything is possible.

If he be found guilty,John shall have the right of appeal.

Though everyone (should)desert you,I will not.

Lest(注：在被连接的状语从句里常用should 或原形动词)表示“唯恐”；“免得”；“为了不使”：[2]

例如：①Lest the wall(should) collapse, they evacuated the building. （他们生怕墙倒塌，便撤离了大楼）

②The colonel forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry be damaged.（上校禁止使用大炮，以免该城的工业遭受破坏。）

③Glenn, lest the reader has forgotten, was the first American astronaut to orbit in space. 提醒读者一下，格伦是第一个进入太空轨道的美国宇航员。

另外，lest 还有一种用法，即用于表示恐惧、担心、危险等词的后面，起连接从句的作用，相当于that：

例如：① I was in mortal fear lest he should see me.我非常害怕他会看见我。

②We were afraid （或worried）Lest he should be late.我们担心他会迟到。

（古英语，原意： whereby less that）

2.上述用法现在只限于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或用should/ may+不定式。

例如：①If the rumor is true, everything is possible.

②He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.

③Whatever his defense may be, we can’t tolerate his disloyalty.

④Though he should stand alone, he will never yield.

3.具体关于 though 和al-though[5]

⑴Though 与although 同义，在一般情况下可以互换使用。

例如：①Though/Although they know the war is lost,theycontinuetofight.（虽然他们知道这场战争已必败无疑，但仍继续战斗。）

⑵但although 比though 语气较重，常用以强调让步概念。

例如：①He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.

Though 能接受even 的强调，而although 不可以。

比如可以说：①He borrowed my mower, even though I told him not to.（他借走了我的割草机，虽然我叫他不要借。）

②I believe you are on duty---even though you are inplainclothes.（尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。）

却不可以说：”…even although I told him not to.”或是”even although you are in plain clothes.”

⑶当让步分句指一种臆想的情况时，通常用though,而不用although.

例如：①Though they all may fail, they all will try.（即使他们可能都失败，他们仍然都愿意一试。）

⑷引导某些让步分句通常也只能用though, 而不用although.

例如：①Poor though she is,herlifeishappy.（她尽管穷，但生活很幸福。）

⑸再者，though可在非正式语体中作连接性状语，而although不可以。

例如：though 一方面可用于主句后，引接补充说明，意思为“可是，不过，然而”

例①It wasn’t entirely my decision, though I think that generally I agree with it.（这不完全是我的决定，不过我想我大体上是同意这一决定的。）

② She couldn’t help thinking(though she couldn’t be sure) that he did not trust her.她不能不认为（不过并不能确定）他不信任她。

③The rooms are small,though not unsuitable.（房间较小，然而并非不适宜。）

另一方面though 在口语体中时，一般用在句末，表示“可是，不过，然而”

例如：①It’s hard work, I enjoy it though.（这工作很艰苦，可是我乐意干。）

②I can’t stay. I’ll have a coffee, though.（我不能多逗留，但可以喝杯咖啡再走。）

⑹另外，although也可以引导让步状语从句

例如①He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.

七.So long as 的两种用法总结

1.既然，由于：[2]

例如：①So long as you are going to town anyway,you can do something for me.既然你反正要进城去，不妨替我办一点事。

2.只要，如果：

例如：①You may use the book as you like, so long as you keep it clean.你尽管用这本书，只要不把它弄脏就行。

八.Even if和as引导让步状语从句的用法例句归纳

1.Eveni（f即使，纵然；虽然）

例如：①I’ll come even if it rains.（即使天下雨我也会来的。）

②Even if you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castleisworthavisit（.纵 然你不喜欢古迹，但瓦里克城堡还是值得一游的。）

2.as（虽然，尽管）

例如：①Sick as he was,he came to work.（他虽然有病，还是来上班了。）

②Boy as he was, he behavedlikeagirl（.他虽然是个男孩，举止却像女孩。）

③Try as you may, you willneversucceed（.不管你怎样努力，你决不会成功。）

④Gently as her words were spoken, there was no mistaking that she was displeased（.尽管她的话说得很温和，但谁都看得出她生气了。）