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药物性高血压及其防治措施

2019-11-05钱晓珍李静

上海医药 2019年18期
关键词:不良反应预防治疗

钱晓珍 李静

摘 要 药物性高血压是某些药物的不良反应,也是鉴别继发性高血压时不可忽视的因素。药物性高血压的早期症状不易发现,可进展成累及器官的严重高血压,甚至发生高血压危象,从而影响疾病治疗效果,甚至造成治疗终止。因此,评估、预防、发现和治疗药物性高血压,提高患者治疗的有效性和安全性已刻不容缓。全文对药物性高血压的发生机制、作用特点及防治等展开论述。

关键词 药物性高血压;不良反应;预防;治疗

中图分类号:R544.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2019)18-0003-06

Drug-induced hypertension and the management measures

QIAN Xiaozhen1, LI Jing2

(1. Department of Pharmacy of First Hospital affiliated to China University of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China; 2. Department of Pharmacy of Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)

ABSTRACT Drug-induced hypertension is one of the adverse reactions of some drugs, and is also a factor that cannot be ignored when secondary hypertension is identified. The inchoate symptom of drug-induced hypertension is not easy to be found. It can develop into severe hypertension with target organs involvement or even hypertensive crisis, which may affect the therapeutic effect of the disease and even cause termination of the treatment. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate, prevent, discover and treat drug-induced hypertension and improve the efficacy and safety of treatment for patients. The full text discusses the mechanism, characteristics, prevention and treatment of drug-induced hypertension.

KEY WORDS drug-induced hypertension; adverse reaction; prevention; treatment

高血压是心血管事件发生的重要因素之一,中国高血压患者持续性增加,而高血压的知晓率、认知率和控制率仍较低,使高血压导致的心血管住院率、死亡率均增加。高血压包括原发性高血压和继发性高血压,继发性高血压中药物性高血压所占比例不少。药物性高血压指常规剂量的药物本身或该药物与其他药物之间发生相互作用而引起血压升高并超过正常范围(>140/90 mmHg),或高血压患者在药物治疗过程中血压进一步升高,或已降至正常的血压出现反跳,有的甚至出现高血压危象。本文对致药物性高血压药物的不良反应机制、作用特点及防治作一综述。

在大多數情况下,药物性高血压是可以预见的,是可逆/可控的,可以采取一定的措施防治。常见可致药物性高血压的药物见表1。

1 激素类药物

1.1 致高血压的作用机制[1]

引起高血压的激素有孕激素、盐皮质激素、糖皮质激素等,口服避孕药中所含的雌激素具有盐皮质激素样作用。激素类药物能促进水钠潴留,使血管内液体向组织间隙转移,减少循环血量,兴奋交感神经,导致血压升高,还可使血浆肝源性和肾源性血管紧张素原浓度增加,使肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)活性增加,提高血管平滑肌对血管收缩物质的敏感性,进一步升高血压。

1.2 致高血压的作用特点

长期口服避孕药可导致血压升高,即使使用含低剂量雌激素药片,也有高血压的报道[2]。天然糖皮质激素和合成糖皮质激素对血压有不同的影响。合成糖皮质激素对血压的影响取决于给药剂量、给药时间、糖皮质激素类型和给药途径[3]。有研究发现,在使用人工合成糖皮质激素的患者中至少有20%发生高血压[4],另外,肾上腺皮质激素类药物中盐皮质激素样作用越强,越易导致高血压的发生,如氢化可的松、可的松、泼尼松及泼尼松龙等具有较强的致高血压作用[4-5]。

1.3 致药物性高血压的防治措施[1,4]

对于肾上腺皮质激素所致的高血压,应控制钠盐摄入,可能的话避免使用或减少给药剂量,在患者情况允许时考虑更换其他给药方式,如吸入、局部给药等。口服避孕药导致的高血压可应用低剂量(20~30 mg炔雌醇)或仅孕激素或其他节育方式,高血压未控制的妇女避免使用含雌激素的避孕药。经减量、更换给药方式等处理,血压仍不能恢复,则考虑使用排钠利尿作用的利尿剂,降低血容量、心输出量,从而降低血压。对于该类药物性高血压,单纯螺内酯不一定能有效控制,可以在利尿剂基础上加用血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素受体Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)或醛固酮受体拮抗剂,注意密切监测血钾。

9 總结

综上所述,药物性高血压的预防重于治疗。在使用某种药物前,应仔细询问既往史和用药史,包括西药、中药、保健品、是否饮酒等,充分了解药物致高血压的不良反应,尤其是高危人群应避免使用致高血压药物,优选其他同疗效而无或较小致高血压的药物。一旦使用可能引起高血压药物,则应注意监测血压,必要时结合实验室检查和指标,一旦明确为药物性高血压后,立即评估药物治疗的风险和获益,若风险大于获益,应停药/减量或更换为对血压影响较小的药物,大多数患者停药或减量后,血压可恢复正常。对于血压升高严重或不能自行恢复的患者,应根据药物致血压升高机制选择合适的降压药物,保证患者药物治疗的安全性和有效性。

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