孙中建

(山东省枣庄市第二中学)

英语高考短文改错所设置错误，是一般学生在学习英语中最容易犯的，难以觉察。要想做好，具备扎实的基本功必不可少，但弄清命题思路和掌握做题技巧也是十分必要的。

当然，从命题思路上来看，高考短文改错是对词法、句法和行文逻辑的综合考查。

一、词法注重对以下几点的考查

1.名词的数与格

(1)(2014 新课标卷)For all these year，we have been allowing…

1.years

(2)(2011)It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.

2.luggage

2.冠词只用在名词前，为“错用”“多用”和“少用”三种情况。

(1)(01 全国)We may be one family and live undera same roof.

1.the

(2)(2014)As ∧result，the plants are growing everywhere.

2.a

3.代词、连词、形容词和副词多故意混淆使用。如该用代词宾格却用了主格;名词性物主代词错用形容词性物主代词;连词误用;该用副词却用形容词;该用比较级的用了原级等。

(1)(2011)I bought my ticket but turned around to pick up my bag.

1.and

(2)(2014)…which set himself apart from others in our small town.

2.him

(3)(2013)We are growing wonderfully tomatoes!

3.wonderful

(4)(2012)I had to be more patient and little aggressive.

4.less

4.动词的时态与语态

(1)(2013)I was only four when she passes away.

1.passed

(2)(2013)This custom soon becomes another meal of day.

2.became

5.非谓语动词的用法

(1)(2011)I was at the Station buy a ticket to Hangzhou.

1.buying

(2)(2010)On the box was a card say:“25 cents each.”

2.saying

6.介词，多考查“固定搭配”，存在“错”“多”“漏”三种情况。

(1)(2014)With the help by our father，I planted…

1.of

(2)(2013)The book I’m reading of talks about afternoon tea.

2.of

(3)(06 全国)He was looking for a glass∧the cupboard.

3.in

二、句法需要注意的问题

1.主谓一致

(2013)What I liked best were the free high－speed Internet connection.

1.was

2.从句的引导词使用。

(2012)They began to see which was happening.

1.what

三、从行文逻辑来考查

排除了词法和句法错误，还要看上下文是否有逻辑错误。这样的错误应通读全文后发现改正。

(1)(2012)When toys went wrong，I got angry and broke it.

1.them

(2)(06 全国)The air keeping the balloon up was escaping and the balloon was coming up.

2.down

从做题技巧上要注意以下问题:

第一，比例设置基本稳定。从高考短文改错全国卷来看，多词、漏词和误用的比例一般为1 ︰1 ︰8，即一加一删八改动。基本稳定，但有时也有小的变动。

第二，遵循一对一原则。短文改错的错误设置多为词类误用，一般应用一个独词去替换用错的单词。改多词或少词时，也只能删掉或加上一个单词，且不得无故改变句子本意。例如，Tom is brave solider.应改为Tom is a brave solider.而不应改为Tom is brave.

第三，注意三不改。给定的大小写字母不改;不得改变标点符号;不能调整词的顺序。

第四，做题方法要规范。要严格按照示范去做题，不能在错词的上面改，不得用文字或箭头去表示。下列做法是错误的:

(1)(2014)There are so much that we often share them.把much 改为many.

(2)(2013)She used to holding me on her knees .holding→hold.

掌握命题思路和技巧，配合恰当的训练，学生的改错能力定会提高。为便于记忆，上文整理如下:短文改错要做好，常见题型要记牢;一加一删八改动，加删常设虚词中;名词爱考数与格，冠词在前“错多少”;动词时态与语态，非谓使用莫错了;连代形副错一样，多是故意来混淆;介词多半考搭配，多漏误用细推敲;句法涉及到一致，从句多考引导词;句法词法均未错，逻辑推理去寻找。

［1］牛津高级英语.译林出版社，2012.

［2］短文改错.湖南师范大学出版社，2014.