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幽门螺杆菌鞭毛致病机制

2015-01-25叶丽娜,谷海瀛

中国老年学杂志 2015年10期
关键词:鞭毛幽门螺杆菌致病性

幽门螺杆菌鞭毛致病机制

叶丽娜谷海瀛

(宁波大学医学院,浙江宁波315211)

关键词〔〕幽门螺杆菌;鞭毛;动力;致病性

中图分类号〔〕R378.99〔

基金项目:浙江省自然基金重点项目(LZ14H200001)

通讯作者:谷海瀛(1968-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事临床微生物学方面的研究。

第一作者:叶丽娜(1989-),女,在读硕士,主要从事临床微生物学方面的研究。

幽门螺杆菌(H.pylori)是微需氧、革兰阴性、有鞭毛、螺旋杆菌,在全球可能有一半人胃肠道感染H.pylori〔1〕。尽管有人认为它是“共栖菌”〔2〕,但它不是正常菌群,因为H.pylori在胃肠部定植的所有感染者都呈现组织学胃肠炎〔3〕,这种感染可引起慢性胃炎、十二指肠炎、消化性溃疡(胃与十二指肠溃疡)、胃黏膜相关组织(MALT)淋巴瘤、萎缩性胃炎、胃腺癌等疾病。这个菌种具有广泛的等位基因多样化和遗传变异性,且一个人的胃内可以感染多个幽门螺杆菌菌株〔4〕,在感染高发区,具有很高的混合感染率。H.pylori感染致病机制由定植因子和毒性因子决定的〔3〕,其鞭毛在胃肠黏膜定植中起重要作用〔5〕。

1H.pylori鞭毛形态和结构

H.pylori具有4~8根单端有鞘鞭毛〔6〕,但鞭毛分布位置单端或双端存在争议〔7〕,在电子显微镜下可观察到H.pylori鞭毛有鞘及终端球状物的存在为特征〔8〕。细菌鞭毛是一个复杂的、含多种蛋白质的动力器官〔9〕。除蛋白外,聚糖如pseudaminic acid 在鞭毛装配和动力中起重要作用〔10〕,也可能是特有的致病因子。每一根鞭毛由三部分组成,从细胞质内到细胞外分别为:鞭毛基体、鞭毛钩、鞭毛丝。H.pylori鞭毛结构主要组成及其功能参见文献〔10~28〕。

2H.pylori鞭毛功能及致病性

H.pylori 鞭毛主要功能体现其具有动力〔7〕,包括“泳动”、扩散动力和“爬动”。其致病性包括三方面:定植性、免疫炎症性和免疫逃避。

2.1定植性、定植部位

2.1.1定植性H.pylori在胃肠黏膜表面存活能力就是定植性,这是由菌株的特殊产物决定的,称为定植因子,包括脲酶、动力、趋化性、外膜蛋白和细菌特殊螺旋形态〔29~33〕等。H.pylori 最适生长pH为中性〔34,35〕,在肉汤中生长最适pH为8.5〔36〕,在胃内酸性环境下不适合其生长,通常认为脲酶在定植中起重要作用是由于脲酶水解尿素产生NH3和CO2〔37〕,NH3对上皮细胞有损伤性,并且脲酶和胃上皮细胞CD74受体结合,参与炎症反应,在黏附中起重要作用〔38〕。但脲酶作用被认为是产生的NH3中和胃酸,升高菌体周围环境pH〔31〕,从而促进胃内定植。但脲酶作为定植因子是有争议的,原因是 Mine等〔39〕报道了分离于消化性溃疡患者H.pylori 脲酶阴性突变菌株能在蒙古沙鼠胃内定植并引起溃疡。除脲酶外,H.pylori定植因子最主要的就是动力,其动力是由于鞭毛运动。确定动力是H.pylori 重要的定植因子最早由Eaton等〔40〕报道的H.pylori感染无菌小猪试验,该试验结果证实有动力菌株比无动力菌株感染率高,并且在无菌小猪胃内定植时间长。很多研究都应用动力缺陷突变菌株在动物感染模型定植减少证明动力对定植有非常重要的影响,包括 H.pylori motB突变株〔41〕、FliD突变株〔25〕、putA突变株〔42〕和趋化作用突变菌株〔43,44〕,这些菌株动力减少,在小鼠胃内或蒙古沙鼠胃内定植就降低。最能证明动力在H.pylori定植起重要作用的是Osaki等〔45〕研究的H.pylori luxS 基因的报告,luxS 基因突变株鞭毛形态无变化,但菌株动力变小,在蒙古沙鼠胃内定植显著减少。 Asakura等〔46〕研究证实,改变鞭毛蛋白糖基化水平,会影响菌株动力,FlaA蛋白糖基化增加,菌株动力也会增加,这样定植载量就增大了。这些试验充分说明鞭毛动力功能对定植性具有显著影响。

H.pylori定植性用定植密度或载量表示,通过定量培养获得每克胃黏膜组织所含的菌落数(CFU/g)〔44,47〕,也有PCR方法定量检测胃黏膜H.pylori DNA〔48〕。测定不同动力大小有3种方法,分别为测定H.pylori泳动动力大小直接方法是使用相差显微镜测定菌体在胃黏液层中平均运动速度〔49〕,测定扩散动力大小应用半固体琼脂穿刺接种菌落方法,准确量取生长圆环直径〔41,44,45〕,另外就是爬动动力大小测定方法〔42,50〕,在半固体培养基表面定量接种菌液,准确量取琼脂表面生长的圆环直径,通过这些报告结果可以得出动物感染模型H.pylori胃黏膜定植载量和动力大小呈正相关的推论。

2.1.2定植部位H.pylori定植不是均匀分布,胃部定植主要在胃窦部位定植载量大〔51〕,但胃体等其他部位也能定植,可以在十二指肠球部定植,是引起十二指肠球部溃疡的主要原因〔52〕,这些在不同部位定植菌株是否都具有同源性,是否因为菌株有动力由胃窦部位扩散至其他部位定植,还没有定论。但H.pylori可以直接在十二指肠定植,引起原发性十二指肠溃疡〔53〕,虽然是小概率事件,但可以推定胃肠内在不同部位定植的菌株其来源可能不同,因为H.pylori胃部感染可以有异质性〔4〕。 H.pylori也可以在结肠定植〔54~56〕,其定植意义存在争议,其来源也不清楚。

2.2免疫炎症性和免疫逃避H.pylori定植不同于双歧杆菌在肠道定植,因为双歧杆菌是人类肠道正常菌群,不会出现炎症反应。H.pylori动力、定植载量和中性粒细胞侵染程度呈正相关〔44,57,58〕,定植性是H.pylori引起炎症反应的基础,而动力就是定植性决定因子,并且影响着感染结果,除此之外,鞭毛作用还体现在免疫炎症性和免疫逃避。

2.2.1免疫炎症性H.pylori鞭毛的主要结构蛋白质包括HpaA,FlaA,FlaB,FliD,FlgK等,胃病患者的活组织标本中分离出的H.pylori菌株均表达HpaA,FlaA,FlaB〔59〕,这些鞭毛蛋白作为细菌鞭毛最主要的成分,也是感染后体液免疫的主要靶点〔60〕,同时鞭毛蛋白能激活Th1与Tp反应,引起细胞免疫的活化,产生很强的抗体反应,flaA与flaB在胃特定环境中给菌株提供了动力,促进了胃组织的炎症反应。

2.2.2免疫逃避H.pylori感染通常从孩提时起,如果不用抗生素治疗,可以持续感染终身〔61〕。人体免疫系统无法清除该细菌;最主要原因是免疫逃避。鞭毛蛋白虽然能在感染患者中产生抗鞭毛蛋白的抗体,但是它逃避了TLR5受体识别〔61,62〕。可能原因是鞭毛蛋白特别是FlaA没有“裸露”出来,在感染的胃上皮细胞中检测不到〔63〕,并且其他细菌鞭毛诱导IL-8分泌,促炎症反应发生,但H.pylori鞭毛蛋白似乎不能在胃上皮细胞诱导IL-8分泌,但高动力菌株可以促进产生更多的IL-8〔64〕,最有可能是鞭毛鞘HpaA可以“掩护”鞭毛蛋白,避免被TLR5所识别〔65〕。

3H.pylori鞭毛结构、动力、趋化性和定植性的关系

鞭毛组成结构中,C环复合体由FliM、FliN、FliY、FliG组成,基因FliM、 FliN、 FliY 、FliG菌株几乎不形成鞭毛(只有FliN突变株形成少量鞭毛),即使有鞭毛,也是“瘫痪”鞭毛,这种菌株无动力〔9〕。马达对细菌动力起重要作用,motB基因缺陷菌株存在鞭毛结构,但无动力,motB基因缺陷菌株感染小鼠定植载量显著低于对照组〔41〕。其他鞭毛基因FliF、FliS、FlhB、FliQ、FliG、FliI突变,都不形成鞭毛也无动力,但flhA 突变形成短鞭毛结构〔13〕。FlgE是鞭毛钩主要蛋白,FlgE突变株失去动力〔23〕。鞭毛丝FlaA和FlaB是菌株动力是重要鞭毛蛋白,FlaA、FlaB突变株鞭毛数减少,形态不完整,动力变弱,FlaA和FlaB双突变株完全失去动力,FlaA、FlaB突变株定植弱〔24,66〕,且在动物模型体内不能长时间定植〔66〕。鞭毛丝FliD基因突变,致使鞭毛变短,细胞鞭毛数量变少,不能形成动力,小鼠感染模型定植载量减少到零〔25〕。 FaaA蛋白定位于鞭毛鞘,FaaA基因突变,每个菌体细胞鞭毛数量减少,动力和定植载量都会减少〔27,8〕。

另外值得关注的是趋化性,因为趋化性信号蛋白CheY和鞭毛转子蛋白FliN结合控制鞭毛旋转方向〔29〕,趋化性突变菌株减少了动力,如趋化性CheW、CheV基因突变〔67〕,CheY、CheA基因突变〔50〕及TlpB基因突变〔44〕,这些基因突变菌株定植载量减少〔44,68〕,但Williams等〔69〕的研究正好相反,他们的研究结果证实趋化性基因突变(△CheY、△CheW)菌株定植载量没有减少,只是降低了炎症反应。Howitt等〔70〕研究了一种新蛋白ChePep,这种蛋白定位于鞭毛杆部位,具有调节鞭毛旋转功能,能控制H.pylori趋化性,其基因突变菌株鞭毛动力减少,单独感染虽然不会影响定植载量,但在胃腺体定植载量显著减少。Rolig等〔43〕也证明,TlpD控制的趋化性基因突变菌株和定植部位有关,在胃窦部位定植载量显著减少。也有人证实趋化性基因突变(△CheY)和动力基因突变(△motB)都会使定植载量减少,但动力基因突变使定植载量减少更为显著〔58〕。因此,趋化性和定植性的关系还不明确,有待进一步研究。

4结语

H.pylori鞭毛无论是结构还是动力功能都和定植载量密切相关,其实动力是通过鞭毛形态结构体现的,形态结构发生改变,就会影响菌株动力。在具体研究中,测定的是扩散动力或者爬动动力,鞭毛形态结构对两种动力分别有怎样的影响,还不清楚。

除了动力以外,细菌鞭毛致病作用就是黏附性〔71,72〕,但H.pylori不同于其他细菌,细菌对胃上皮细胞的黏附性并不取决于鞭毛蛋白〔73〕,即使细菌鞭毛减少了,而黏附性可以无变化,但和鞭毛基因突变类型有关,无鞭毛的FlaA::cat/Flab::Km基因突变菌株黏附性减少并不显著,FlbA基因突变黏附性显著减少研究H.pylori鞭毛动力和胃肠黏膜定植性的关系有重要意义,可以更深入理解其致病机制,尤其是动力异质性,最早由Eaton等报道〔40〕定植感染的菌株动力有差异性,但没有引起重视,H.pylori动力定量异质性和胃肠黏膜定植性的关系深入研究,会使其致病性之谜得到进一步揭示。

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〔2015-02-06修回〕

(编辑李相军/滕欣航)

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