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瘢痕疙瘩的临床治疗进展

2024-02-21齐雯丽郝卓伦周牧冉郭能强

中国美容医学 2024年1期
关键词:物理疗法

齐雯丽 郝卓伦 周牧冉 郭能强

[摘要]瘢痕疙瘩是在皮肤受到损伤后,形成一种外表高出皮肤表面,病变范围超出原始损伤边界以外,并不会随时间自行消退的病理性瘢痕。其发病机制十分复杂,目前主要诱因包括成纤维细胞过度增殖、胶原及细胞外基质(Extracellular matrix,ECM)的过度沉积、血管过度生成等。传统的治疗方式是以手术为主,但术后复发率极高,故根据瘢痕疙瘩的不同临床特点,衍生出了许多种治疗方式。本文将从手术治疗、物理治疗、药物治疗、生物治疗等方面来综述近年的治疗进展,以期为瘢痕疙瘩的临床治疗提供参考。

[关键词]瘢痕疙瘩;手术疗法;物理疗法;药物疗法;生物疗法

[中图分类号]R619+.6    [文献标志码]A    [文章编号]1008-6455(2024)01-0185-06

Progress in Clinical Treatment of Keloid

QI Wenli,HAO Zhuolun,ZHOU Muran,GUO Nengqiang

(Department of Plastic Surgery,Union Hospital,Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430022,Hubei,China)

Abstract: Keloid is a kind of pathological scar, when the skin is damaged, the lesion area extends beyond the boundary of the original lesion and higher than the normal skin surface, in addition it will not disappear spontaneously over time. The pathogenesis of keloid is very complicated to study. Currently, the main causes include excessive proliferation of fibroblasts, excessive deposition of collagen and extracellular matrix, and excessive generation of blood vessels. Traditional treatment methods are mainly composed of surgical treatment, but the postoperative recurrence rate is extremely high. According to the different clinical characteristics of keloid, many treatments have been derived. This article will review the progress of keloid treatment from surgical treatment, physical therapy, drug treatment and biological therapy, hoping to bring enlightenment to the future clinical work.

Key words: keloid; surgical therapy; physical therapy; drug therapy; biological therapy

瘢痕疙瘩是一种外表高出皮肤表面,质地硬韧的病理性瘢痕,好发于张力较高的皮肤表面,如颜面下颌部、耳后、前胸和后背[1]。病变范围会向周围正常皮肤组织不断扩张并超出原始损伤边界以外,且不会随时间自行消退。影响瘢痕疙瘩的因素有很多,其中大部分均来自外界因素,如:手术、外伤、皮肤感染、烧烫伤、痤疮、带状疱疹、蚊蟲叮咬等;同时,一些个人差异引起的内在因素,如:性别、年龄、不良生活习惯、形成部位、高血压等基础疾病和遗传因素均会导致产生瘢痕疙瘩[2]。由于严重影响美观,并可能出现瘙痒和运动受限等症状,对患者的身心健康均造成巨大影响。瘢痕疙瘩的发病机制是皮肤损伤之后会进行自我修复的过程中任意一个环节发生异常,如:血管过度生成、炎症反应加剧、成纤维细胞过度增殖,都会造成ECM过度产生、胶原比例失调和胶原的无序排列,最终表现为过度纤维化形成瘢痕疙瘩[3]。

近年来,有关瘢痕疙瘩的治疗方式层出不穷,但由于瘢痕疙瘩具有类肿瘤性、复发率极高和个人差异性较强等特点,寻找一套行之有效的治疗方案也成为临床医生和研究工作者的重要任务[4]。本文就瘢痕疙瘩的临床治疗现状以及进展予以综述,从而为临床医师提供参考。

1  手术疗法

手术疗法通常适用于中型和大型瘢痕疙瘩和已经成熟的瘢痕疙瘩,但术后复发率极高,可达到45%~100%[5],一般会与术后辅助疗法联用,从而降低复发率[6]。皮肤张力过大是术后复发的主要原因[7]。切除瘢痕疙瘩后,一般会采用减张缝合来预防复发;若瘢痕疙瘩面积过大无法直接缝合,则会辅以皮肤扩张器和邻近皮瓣移植等方式来解决。近年来,比较常见的缝合术包括远端埋没真皮缝合[8]、埋式垂直褥式缝合[9]、章氏缝合[10]等。在减张缝合的作用下,可以极大程度地减少瘢痕疙瘩的产生,术后同时加以其他辅助治疗,可有效抑制瘢痕疙瘩的复发,手术治疗仍为瘢痕疙瘩治疗方式中的重要手段。

2  物理疗法

2.1 光电疗法:光电治疗目前已广泛应用于瘢痕的预防和治疗,根据其作用皮肤的深度和原理,临床上普遍分为非剥脱性光电治疗和剥脱性光电治疗。

2.1.1 非剥脱性光电治疗:脉冲染料激光(Pulsed dye laser,PDL)是最早用于治疗瘢痕疙瘩的激光之一,主要的应用波长为585 nm和595 nm。通过选择作用于表皮与真皮浅层的血管,破坏血红蛋白,减少组织毛细血管的生成,抑制成纤维细胞的增殖[11]。Alster TS[12]團队最早用585 nm PDL来治疗胸骨处的瘢痕,通过对比治疗组和未治疗组,瘢痕疙瘩的高度、弹性、柔韧性和红斑大小有明显改善。随后,Manuskiatti W[13]团队对PDL治疗的精确度进行了深入讨论,发现使用不同能量所得到的治疗结果无显著差异,短时间内多次作用可以增强治疗效果。

钕∶钇铝石榴石激光(Nd:YAG激光)波长为1 064 nm,相比于PDL,Nd:YAG作用深度更深,更适合来解决瘢痕疙瘩的血管化问题,同时还可以破坏毛囊,降低毛囊炎症[14]。Xu C等[15]对患者前后间隔4~6周采用585 nm PDL和1 064 nm Nd∶YAG两种激光治疗瘢痕疙瘩,发现可以显著降低瘢痕疙瘩的血流灌注量,且Nd︰YAG激光与PDL联用效果更佳。强脉冲光(Intense pulsed light,IPL)发出非相干的宽带波长脉冲光并靶向色素沉着和脉管系统[16],单独用效果不佳,多与药物联用,可以缓解瘢痕疙瘩的厚度、红斑及色素沉着[17]。

2.1.2 剥脱性光电治疗:CO2激光是通过对病变局部的光热作用损伤血管,气化瘢痕组织;同时抑制成纤维细胞过度增生,诱导胶原重塑[18],但单独治疗2年内复发率极高,故临床上多为联合治疗,如TAC[19]。

铒激光(Er:YAG激光)与CO2激光和Nd:YAG激光相比,Er:YAG激光治疗效果也相对较弱,但是治疗后所产生皮痂和红斑的时间更短,疼痛感更轻[20]。瘢痕疙瘩组织坚硬,因此注射药物很困难。射频等离子体可以使空气中的氮气分子解离成高能的等离子态,通过热能作用于真皮层,促进瘢痕内的胶原组织重排[21],其中对治疗耳廓瘢痕疙瘩效果显著[22]。射频常与类固醇类药物注射联用,使药物更容易吸收[23]。相比于传统病灶内射频,Taneja N等[24]创新提出在射频过程中通过使用定制的静脉插管表面下的孔来传递能量,相比传统点放射能量,可以减少能量向各个方向消散,从而降低对表皮的损伤。

无论采用何种光电治疗方式,减少光电治疗后的炎症反应,防止色素改变是很重要的。故临床上经常与消炎并抑制黑色素形成的辅助药物联用,如积雪草苷软膏[25]。

2.2 放射疗法(Radiotherapy,RT):RT用来治疗瘢痕疙瘩已经超过了100年的历史,主要通过抑制血管生成、抑制成纤维细胞生成来达到有效预防和治疗瘢痕疙瘩的效果[26]。相比单独治疗,RT更适合作为术后辅助疗法。一项荟萃分析中,术后结合RT,可以把单独手术后复发率从45%~100%降低至20%以下[27]。在治疗效果方面,RT治疗剂量和照射时间的把控尤为重要。治疗瘢痕疙瘩推荐的总剂量范围为12~20 Gy,其中最大生物学有效剂量为30 Gy,但其对内脏器官损伤程度还有待考究[28-29]。除了治疗方式外,解剖位置也是影响复发率的关键因素,胸部复发率最高,耳部复发率最低[27]。

2.3 光动力疗法(Photodynamic therapy,PDT):因为PDT低毒性和高选择性的特点,在临床治疗中受到普遍欢迎,主要是通过用激光活化光敏药物,使血红素生物转化为原卟啉IX,将内源性分子氧转化为细胞毒性活性氧,直接破坏单核细胞和巨噬细胞,对炎症反应进行抑制来治疗瘢痕疙瘩[30]。临床上用得较多的光敏药物是竹红菌素软膏[31]。目前有多项临床实验证明,PDT是患者类固醇激素治疗无效后的重要替代方法,但由于临床研究数量较少,还需要进一步的证明[32]。

综上,瘢痕疙瘩的物理治疗方法分类、作用机制及疗效见表1。

3  药物疗法

3.1 糖皮质激素类药物:曲安奈德(TAC)是最常用的激素类药物,主要治疗有明显“炎性”特征的瘢痕疙瘩,可有效缩小瘢痕疙瘩的厚度,并缓解瘙痒和疼痛[33]。TAC作为单一疗法复发率高达50%,且有高达63%的患者在注射后会产生副作用,如毛细血管扩张、皮下脂肪萎缩,色素沉着、库欣综合征[30],联合治疗可降低副作用,如RT、CO2激光、5-FU[34]。为了避免糖皮质激素注射所带来的疼痛,类固醇敷料也越来越受欢迎,Li J[35]团队还采用静电纺丝聚合物超细纤维制成的敷料来治疗瘢痕疙瘩,其中包埋了地塞米松和具有抗炎抗菌的茶多酚,经过3个月的治疗后,瘢痕疙瘩的大小和红斑均有改善,同时还进一步降低炎症和感染的风险。

3.2 抗肿瘤药物:瘢痕疙瘩具有肿瘤的特征,因此抗肿瘤药物同样对瘢痕疙瘩的治疗也有一定效果。5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fluorouracil,5-FU)具有直接的细胞毒性作用,可抑制成纤维细胞增殖、G2/M细胞周期阻滞和凋亡[36]。他莫西芬(Tamoxifen,TAM)是一种用来治疗乳腺癌的选择性雌激素受体调节剂,有研究者发现经TAM治疗后瘢痕疙瘩中成纤维细胞的平均数量显著降低[37]。丝裂霉素C具有抗肿瘤活性,通过抑制成纤维细胞的DNA、RNA合成,从而抑制瘢痕生成[38]。

3.3 A型肉毒毒素:A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)是一种可以导致横纹肌麻痹的强效神经毒素,通过抑制成纤维细胞的增殖、TGF-β1的表达,诱导成纤维细胞凋亡,从而发挥治疗作用[39]。而Gauglitz GG等[40]却得出了不同的结果,持续6个月进行瘤内注射BTX-A,每隔1个月注射1次,发现BTX-A对成纤维细胞的增殖和代谢没有影响,并不能改善瘢痕。虽然单独作用的治疗效果一般,但术前注射可以起到预防复发的作用,且注射后不良反应较为轻微,在短暂时间内可以自我恢复。

3.4 免疫调节剂:他克莫司作为一种mTOR受体抑制剂可以减少组胺释放,有效缓解瘙痒,而且皮肤吸收较少,安全性高[41]。5%咪喹莫特软膏可增强细胞免疫活性,通过抑制胶原蛋白和糖胺聚糖的产生来抑制瘢痕疙瘩的产生[42],但作用效果短暂,停用4周后会完全复发[43]。干扰素(Interferon,IFN)是一种糖蛋白的免疫调节剂,通过干扰胶原合成和成纤维细胞增殖,从而产生抗纤维化作用[5]。一项临床随机对照实验中,有学者发现IFN可降低瘢痕疙瘩的高度,但由于临床样本量少,故需要进一步探讨IFN合适的用药剂量和作用时间[44]。

3.5 抗高血压药物:血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂在胶原生物合成和创面愈合中发挥重要作用[45]。ArdekanArdekani GS等[46]对1名烧伤患者连续6周使用5%卡托普利乳膏,发现可以降低瘢痕疙瘩的高度,并且改善发红和瘙痒的情况。与上述结果相反,Johanneke JJJ[47]在实验中没有发现卡托普利可以改善瘢痕形成,仅导致创面延迟闭合。Mohammadi AA等[48]研究发现1%依那普利可显著改善瘙痒情况。维拉帕米是一种钙离子通道拮抗剂,可通过抑制炎症反应,减少ECM和胶原生成,诱导胶原降解[49]。Lawrence WT[50]团队首次在术后7~14 d内给予维拉帕米治疗,其中52%的患者得到痊愈。与TAC相比,维拉帕米不良反应少,且在缩小瘢痕疙瘩尺寸方面,效果更显著[51]。

综上,瘢痕疙瘩的药物治疗方法分类、作用机制及疗效见表2。

4  生物疗法

4.1 成分脂肪移植:脂肪干细胞(Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells,ADSCs)是从脂肪组织中分离得到具有多向分化潜能和干细胞免疫表型的细胞,由于可以抑制成纤维细胞的增殖和胶原合成,且材料来源获取方便、创伤小,已成为瘢痕疙瘩治疗的研究热点[52]。ADSCS的提取和培养过程相对复杂,相关研究仍停留在基础研究阶段,尚待进一步临床验证。纳米脂肪移植是通过纯物理的方法破坏脂肪组织中的成熟脂肪细胞,获得的一种保留ADSCS的乳糜状脂肪组织,其中包含基质血管成分细胞、ECM、油滴和肿胀液。近年来,有较多研究报道瘢痕内注射纳米脂肪可以改善瘢痕疙瘩的色素沉着、厚度、柔软度,并降低疼痛感[53],也有研究表示,其治疗效果并不理想,可能是因为在提取过程中混合液中ADSC的含量相對较少[54]。脂肪的基质血管成分含有丰富的干细胞和各种生长因子,具有特殊的再生潜力,其主要是通过生长因子可以促进伤口愈合,降低炎症反应、诱导胶原重塑来治疗瘢痕疙瘩[55-56]。

4.2 富血小板血浆(Platelet-rich plasma,PRP):PRP含有的生长因子可以参与伤口愈合的不同阶段[57]。有学者对17例瘢痕疙瘩术后切除的患者注射了4次TAC或RT后均无反应,遂每隔1个月注射1次PRP,注射3次后,血管增生、炎症、色素沉着和柔韧性得到很大程度的改善,特别是瘙痒情况改善明显[58]。综合来看,注射PRP是一种安全有效的辅助疗法。

综上,瘢痕疙瘩的生物疗法分类、作用机制及疗效见表3。

5  联合治疗

采取单一治疗,瘢痕疙瘩的复发率极高,并会出现许多局部并发症。因此,需要联合多种治疗手段来降低复发率,同时改善单一治疗方法带来的不良反应。常用的为二联疗法和三联疗法。见表4。

5.1 二联疗法:病灶内注射TAC是瘢痕疙瘩切除术后使用最广泛的治疗方法。有临床研究表明,患者冷冻治疗后,使用TAC+5-FU联合治疗,随访12个月,发现可明显改善瘢痕疙瘩的高度、质地及充血情况[59]。同时,TAC+维拉帕米也被证明是有效的,可降低毛细血管扩张和皮肤萎缩的发生,对瘢痕疙瘩总体改善具有统计学意义[60-61]。在一项网状荟萃分析中,Yang S等[62]比较了不同治疗方式的治愈率,研究结果发现TAC+BTX-A的治疗率最高,其中TAC+BTX-A(82.2%)>TAC+5-FU(69.8%)>BTX-A(67.3%)>5-FU+硅胶(59.4%)>TAC+硅胶(58.3%)>5-FU(49.8%)>博来霉素(42.0%)>TAC(26.7%)>维拉帕米(26.2%)>硅胶(18.3%)。同时,Gamil HD等[63]也证明了TAC+BTX-A的组合治疗效果优于TAC和BTX-A的单独治疗。由此可以发现,在单一疗法中TAC比维拉帕米更有效,比5-FU和博来霉素耐受性更好;与其他药物联用时,可以最大程度地提高治愈率。

除了药物与药物联用外,还有许多二联疗法的组合方式。①药物与激光相互联用:术后使用TAC+放射/激光(PDL、Nd:YAG、CO2)治疗消融,可以预防激光治疗后由于炎症反应导致的过度色素沉着[64-66]。②药物与压力治疗联用:Carvalhaes SM等[67]在耳垂瘢痕疙瘩的治疗中,术前每月向病灶内注射一次TAC,手术切除后在患者耳朵瘢痕上施加压力耳环,患者耐受性良好,复发率显著降低。③激光与激光联用:Ouyang HW等[68]探究了PDL+CO2激光治疗的效果,发现两者联合治疗较单纯PDL治疗效果更佳。

5.2 三联疗法:目前,已经有研究尝试两种药物+激光TAC+5-FU+PDL或者一种药物+两种CO2激光+PDL+TAC等三联疗法来治疗瘢痕疙瘩[69-70]。5-FU+TAC+透明质酸钠进行联合[71],透明质酸钠可以显著减轻色素沉着。Zeng A等[72]提出了“三明治疗法”,即术前放疗、旋髂浅动脉穿支皮瓣移植、术后放疗联合治疗瘢痕疙瘩,治疗后所有皮瓣均存活良好且没有出现严重并发症。三联疗法为瘢痕疙瘩的治疗提供了一种多方面的治疗思路,但是难以确定每种治疗方式对最终结果的个体贡献,还需要进一步临床实验验证。

綜合来看,以药物治疗为主的联合治疗思路近年来被临床广泛采纳,通过挖掘每种治疗方法的作用特点,并相互弥补每种疗法可能引起的副作用,从而构建一种较为完善的治疗组合。

6  小结

近年来,瘢痕疙瘩新型的治疗方法层出不穷,手术治疗、物理疗法和激素、抗肿瘤等药物疗法目前已经广泛应用到临床。其他新型药物疗法涵盖的机制通路广泛,有较好的临床研究前景,但是由于大多数只局限于动物实验或者样本量较小的随机对照实验,还需要更多样本的临床研究进一步确定治疗作用时间和剂量。瘢痕疙瘩的发病与患者个人体质密切相关,故而个体化的综合治疗是取得最佳效果的关键。

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[收稿日期]2022-08-29

本文引用格式:齊雯丽,郝卓伦,周牧冉,等.瘢痕疙瘩的临床治疗进展[J].中国美容医学,2024,33(1):185-191.

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