□明 艳

阅读和写作是高考重点考查的题型，其中阅读题要求学生有一定的词汇语法基础，能读懂长难句，能理解篇章段落的主旨大意，并且对相关主题的背景文化知识有所了解。学生在解题时，可以从题干出发，根据题干预测篇章大意，然后按照顺序逐个解题。在解题过程中先定位信息源，然后对信息源进行分析、比较、推理、概括，找到与正确选项之间的对应关系。如果考生了解干扰项的特点，那么对于精准快速解题会起到很好的作用。下面以2023年高考真题为例，对阅读理解题干扰项的特点作出分析。

一、无中生有

例1.（2023年全国新课标I卷，C篇）

The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating highquality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.

31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two？

A.Use them as needed.

B.Recommend them to friends.

C.Evaluate their effects.

D.Identify the ideas behind them.

【分析】本题的正确答案是A项，use them as needed和原文最后一句“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances”对应，是最后一句的概括性同义替换。干扰项B和C没有提到，即“无中生有”；干扰项D的意思是 “发现这些做法背后的理念”，作者建议做的是根据章节中的实际做法去操作，根据倒数第二句“Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. ”可知这些做法是实际操作层面而不是理论层面的。

例2.（2023年1月浙江卷，D篇）

Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them.Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.

32.What do solar developers often ignore？

A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.

B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.

C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.

D.The most recent advances in solar technology.

【分析】本题的正确答案是B 项，题干的ignore与原文的haven’t given much thought to形成了对应性同义替换。干扰项C和D文中没有提到，即“无中生有”；干扰项A 与原文提到的“...and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals.”相反，形成了“正反混淆”。

二、正反混淆

例3.（2023年全国新课标I卷，D篇）

But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.

33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ____________.

A.the crowds were relatively small

B.there were occasional underestimates

C.individuals did not communicate

D.estimates were not fully independent

【分析】本题的正确答案是D，与段落中“the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals”形成了对应性同义替换，即小组讨论结果比独立个人的准确值要高。干扰项A的意思是“群体数量变得相对小”，而原文没有提到群体总数的变化，这个选项干扰性很大，因为考生会以为分成小组就是群体总数变小了。干扰项B的意思是“有偶而的低估”，这个选项只是拿第二段中的一个“低估”概念混淆考生。干扰项C的意思是“个人之间不交流”，正好与“分小组讨论更准确”相反，即使用了“正反混淆”。

例4.（2023年全国乙卷，C篇）

What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.

28. What do people usually think of British food？

A.It is simple and plain.

B.It is rich in nutrition.

C.It lacks authentic tastes.

D.It deserves a high reputation.

【分析】本题的正确答案是A，对应首段前两句，形成了概括性同义替换，人们通常认为英国饮食简单。干扰项B和C都没有提到，属于“无中生有”；干扰项D与原文的Britain has a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine形成“正反混淆”，原文说英国食物以不好知名，而D说英国食物应得一个很高的声誉。

三、偏离中心

例5.（2023年全国新课标I卷，B篇）

“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”

27. What is the basis for John’s work？

A.Nature can repair itself.

B.Organisms need water to survive.

C.Life on Earth is diverse.

D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.

【分析】本题的正确答案是A，根据原文“Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”可知约翰工作的基础是大自然有自愈功能。干扰项B的意思是“有机体需要水存活”，原文中并未提及。干扰项C的意思是“地球上的生命是多样的”，这个陈述本身没有错误，但是却与题干的问题偏离了，属于“偏离中心”。干扰项D的意思是“大部分小生物群居生存”，原文并未提及。

例6.（2023年1月浙江卷，B篇）

I experience this when I started switching to a zero waste lifestyle five years ago, as I was living with my parents, and I continue to experience this with my husband, as he is not completely zero waste like me.

27. What is the text mainly about？

A.How to get on well with other family members.

B.How to have one’s own personal space at home.

C.How to live a zero waste lifestyle in a household.

D.How to control the budget when buying groceries.

【分析】本题的正确答案是C。文章讲述了在家庭环境下如何过零浪费的生活方式。干扰项ABD都与原文有一定的关联性，但是都以偏盖全了。

四、信息错位

例7.（2023年全国新课标II卷，B篇）

Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids. And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo,who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at four low-income schools.The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and healthy lifestyle.

27. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A.Rescuing School Gardens

B.Experiencing Country Life

C.Growing Vegetable Lovers

D.Changing Local Landscape

【分析】本题正确答案是C。根据文中讲到的两位老师开办的Urban Sprouts项目，不仅帮助孩子们提高了饮食营养，而且也激发了孩子们对园艺的兴趣，还帮助了有特殊需求的孩子们。正确选项的growing一词双关，第一个意思是increasing，变多了的；第二个意思是“培养，使更成功”的意思。A信息错位，school gardens没问题，错在rescuing“拯救”这个词上；B把范围扩大了，偏离了文章的中心；D没有提到。