邢锦城　何苏南　洪立洲　刘冲　董静　朱小梅　陈环宇　王凯　郁凯　孙果丽　张振华

摘要： 微塑料是重要的环境污染物之一，在水环境中大量存在。为了解水环境中微塑料污染的现状，增强人们治理微塑料污染的意识，本文概述了水环境中微塑料的来源、分布、迁移特征及对水生动物的危害。水环境中的微塑料来源广泛，源头贡献分析发现，环境中80%的微塑料来源于人类陆地活动，20%来源于海洋活动。按性质分类，微塑料可分为初生微塑料、次生微塑料两大类，碎片、纤维是水环境中最常见的微塑料形态，淡水中主要的微塑料类型是聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP），海洋中的微塑料类型则主要是PE、PP和聚苯乙烯（PS）。水環境中的微塑料含量、分布主要受到区域人口密度、地理位置、水文条件和气象环境等因素影响，微塑料在水系统表面和沉积物中均有分布，淡水系统是微塑料进入海洋的主要运输路径。微塑料通过直接、间接方式进入水生生物体内，导致其群体、个体、组织、器官、细胞和分子水平上的生理健康受损。水生态系统中的微塑料会给环境及动物健康带来不同程度的风险，进一步通过食物链威胁人类健康。微塑料污染研究的重点应包括制定厘清源头、查明分布、科学监测的综合治理模式。本文可为水环境中微塑料的污染防治提供较为系统的参考资料和研究思路。

关键词： 微塑料；水环境；来源；迁移；生态危害

中图分类号： S181.6 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1000-4440（2023）01-0277-10

Research progress on distribution and migration characteristics and ecological hazards of microplastics in water environment

XING Jin-cheng， HE Su-nan， HONG Li-zhou， LIU Chong， DONG Jing， ZHU Xiao-mei， CHEN Huan-yu，WANG Kai， YU Kai， SUN Guo-li， ZHANG Zhen-hua

（Jiangsu Coastal Areas Institute of Agricultural Sciences， Yancheng 224002， China）

Abstract： As a new environmental pollutant， microplastics are abundant in water ecosystems and bring great harm to aquatic life. In order to comprehensively understand the current situation of microplastic pollution and enhancing peoples awareness of microplastic pollution control， this paper reviewed the source， distribution  migration characteristic and ecological hazard in water environment. Microplastics have a wide range of sources. According to the perspective of microplastic properties， they are mainly derived from primary microplastics and secondary microplastics. Based on analysis of source contribution， the 80% of the microplastics come from human activities and 20% from marine activities. Fiber and debris are the main forms of microplastics in water environment. The main types of microplastics in freshwater are polyethylene （PE） and polypropylene （PP）， but PE， PP and polystyrene （PS） in seawater. The contents and distributions of microplastics in water environment are mainly affected by population densities， geographical locations， hydrological conditions and meteorological environments. The microplastics are distributed on the surface of water system and sediment. The main transport route of microplastics is from freshwater system into seawater. Microplastics enter aquatic organisms directly or indirectly， resulting in physiological health damage on population， individual， tissue， organ， cell and molecular levels. In conclusion， microplastics in water ecosystems could bring different degrees of risk to the environment and the health of animals， and further threaten human health through the food chain. In the future， the study on microplastic pollution in water environment will focus on traceability， distribution identification and scientific monitoring. This review provides a systematic reference and research ideas for the pollution prevention of microplastics in water environment.

Key words： microplastic;water environment;source;migration;ecological damage

塑料制品用途广泛，目前全球的塑料制品产业规模持续增长^[1-3]。……