APP下载

美式英语与英式英语到底有什么区别?

2022-04-09张明明

语数外学习·高中版下旬 2022年2期
关键词:美式英语英式美式

张明明

While there are certainly many more varieties of English,American English and British English are the two  varieties  that  are  taught  in  most  ESL/EFL  pro-grams. Generally,it is agreed that no one version is “correct”, but there  are  certainly preferences in use. The  three  major  differences  between American  and British English are:

英语种类有很多,但美式英语和英式英语是在大多数ESL/EFL课程中教授的两个种类。一般来说,大家都认为没有一个版本是“绝对正确的”,但在使用中肯定有一些偏好。美式英语和英式英语的三个主要区别是:

Pronunciation —  differences  in  both  vowel  and consonants,as well as stress and intonation

发音——元音和辅音的差异,以及重音和语调

Vocabulary — differences in nouns and verbs,es- pecially phrasal verb usage and the names of specific tools or items

词汇——名词和动词的区别,特别是短语动词的用法和特定工具或项目的名称

Spelling — differences are generally found in cer- tain prefix and suffix forms

拼写——在某些前缀和后缀形式中通常会发现差异The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide that you want to use American English,then be consistent in your spell- ing (i.e.“The color of the orange is also its flavour”— color is American  spelling and flavour is British). Of course,this is not always easy or possible. The follow- ing guide is meant to point out the principal differences between these two varieties of English.

最重要的經验法则是在使用中保持一致。如果你决定使用美式英语,那么你的拼写要一致(即“橙子的颜色也是它的味道”——color是美式拼写,flavour却是英式)。当然,这并不总是容易或可能的。下面的指南旨在指出这两种英语的主要区别。

※Minor Grammar Differences

语法上的细小差异

There are very few grammar differences between American and British English. Certainly,the words we choose might be different at times. However,generally speaking,we follow the same grammar rules. With that said,there are a few differences.

美式英语和英式英语几乎没有语法差异。当然,我们选择的词有时可能会有所不同。但是,一般来说,我们遵循相同的语法规则。尽管如此,还是有一些不同之处。

Use of the Present Perfect

现在完成时的用法

In British English,the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past thathas an effect on the present moment. For example:

在英式英语中,现在完成时是用来表达最近发生的、对现在产生影响的动作。例如:

I’ve lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

我的钥匙丢了。你能帮我找一下吗?

In American English,the following is also possible:

在美式英语中,也可能出现以下情况:

I lost my key. Can you help me look for it?

我把钥匙丢了。你能帮我找一下吗?

In British English,the above would be consideredincorrect. However,both forms are generally acceptedin standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English andsimple past in American English include already,justand yet.

在英国英语中,上述内容被认为是错误的。然而,这两种形式都是标准美式英语。在英式英语中使用现在完成时和在美国英语中使用简单过去时的其他差异包括“已经”、“刚刚”和“尚未”。

British English:

英式英语

I’ve just had lunch.

我刚吃过午饭。 I’ve already seen that film.

我已经看过那部电影了。

Have you finished your homework yet?

你做完作业了吗?

American English:

美式英语:

I just had lunch / I’ve just had lunch.

我刚吃过午饭或刚刚吃过午饭。 I’ve already seen that film / I already saw that film.

我已经看过那部电影了。

Have you finished your homework yet? / Did youfinish your homework yet?

你做完作业了吗?

Two Forms to Express Possession

两种表示占有的形式

There are two forms to express possession in Eng- lish:have or have got.

用英语表达占有有两种形式:有或有。

Do you have a car?

你有车吗?

Have you got a car?

你有车吗?

He hasn’tgot any friends.他没有朋友。

He doesn’thave any friends.他没有朋友。

She has a beautiful new home.她有一个漂亮的新家。

She’s got a beautiful new home.她有一个漂亮的新家。

While both forms are correct (and accepted in both  British and American English),have got (have you got, he hasn’t got,etc.) is generally the preferred form in  British English,while most speakers of American English  employ the have (do you have,he doesn’thave etc.)

虽然这两种形式都是正确的(在英国和美国英语中都被接受),但是 got(你有,他没有,等等)通常是英国英语中的首选形式,而大多数说美国英语的人都使用have(你有,他没有,等等)。

The Verb Get

关于动词get

The  past  participle  of the  verb  get  is  gotten  in American English.

动词 get的过去分词在美式英语中是用“gotten”来表示的。

American  English:He’s  gotten  much  better  at playing tennis.

美式英语:他网球打得好多了。

British English:He’s got much better at playingtennis.

英式英语:他网球打得好多了。

“Have got”is used predominately in British Eng- lish  to  indicate “have”in  the  sense  of  possession. Strangely,this form is also used in the United States  with the British participle“got”, rather than“gotten”. Americans will also use“have got to”in the sense of “have to”for responsibilities.

“have got”在英國英语中主要用于表示“have”的占有意义。奇怪的是,这种形式在美国也是用英国分词“got”而不是“gotten”来表示的,美国人也会用“have got to”来表示“必须”的责任。

I’ve got to work tomorrow.

我明天得工作。

I’ve got three friends in Dallas.

我在达拉斯有三个朋友。

※Vocabulary

词汇

The largest differences between British and Ameri- can English lie in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties,for example:

英式英语和美式英语最大的区别在于词汇的选择。有些词在这两个变体中的含义不同,例如:

Mean:American English — angry,bad humored, British English — not generous,tight-fisted.

mean的含义:美式英语——愤怒,不幽默,英式英语——不慷慨,握紧拳头。

American English:Don’t be so mean to your sis- ter!

美式英语:别对你姐姐那么刻薄!

British English:She’s so mean she won’t even pay for a cup of tea.

英式英语:她太吝啬了,连一杯茶都不付钱。

There are many more examples (too many for me to list here). If there is a difference in usage,your dic- tionary will note the different meanings in its definition of the term. Many vocabulary items are also used in one form and not in the other. One of the best examples of this is the terminology used for automobiles.

还有更多的例子(例子太多了我就不在这儿列举了)。如果在用法上有差异,你的词典将在其术语定义中注明不同的含义。许多词汇项也以一种形式使用,而不是以另一种形式使用。其中一个最好的例子就是汽车术语。

American  English —  hood / British  English — bonnet

美式英语——引擎盖hood/英式英语——引擎盖 bonnet

American English — trunk / British English — boot

美式英语——后备箱trunk/英式英语——后备箱 boot

American English — truck / British English — lorry 美式英語——卡车truck/英式英语——卡车lorry

※Spelling

拼写

Here are some general differences between British and American spellings:

以下是英式拼写和美式拼写之间的一些一般差异:

American English:color,humour,flavour

British English:color,humour,flavour

American English:recognize,patronise

British English:recognize,patronise

The best way to make sure that you are being con- sistent in your spelling is to utilize the spell check tool associated with your word processor and select the type of English (American or British) you’d like to use.

确保拼写一致的最佳方法是使用与文字处理程序相关联的拼写检查工具,并选择要使用的英语类型(美国或英国)。

猜你喜欢

美式英语英式美式
“英式英语”和“美式英语”啥区别?看完这些图秒懂
连续型美式分期付款看跌期权
美式复古
基数词的构成及读法
英式下午茶
花样美式
该学英式英语还是美式英语
英式/美式词汇
美式英语的演变
英式英语VS美式英语