孙赞盈 魏毅琳 马东方 尚红霞 张敏

摘 要：2019年是小浪底水库运用以来进入黄河下游水沙量最多的一年，其中7月8日至8月18日的排沙期，小浪底水库排沙5.317亿t，黄河下游河道淤积3.499亿t。排沙过后，逯村、花园镇、开仪、赵沟、化工3 000 m3/s对应水位分别抬升了1.17、1.51、1.50、1.27、1.26 m，开仪3 000 m3/s对应水位一度抬升1.82 m，局部河段水位抬升十分突出。为了给以后的水库调度提供必要的技术支撑，充分利用常规水文资料、险工水尺资料和加测断面资料，分析了河道发生淤积、水位抬升的过程和原因，河道宽浅和流速低是部分河段淤积的直接原因，进而造成上游河段溯源淤积，引起水位抬升。建议在以后的水库排沙调度中，密切关注相关河段的水位变化，随时调整水库调度方式，以免造成漫滩。

关键词：淤积;水库排沙;水位;小浪底水库;黄河下游

中图分类号：TV147;TV882.1

文献标志码：A

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1000-1379.2021.12.008

引用格式：孙赞盈，魏毅琳，马东方，等.2019年小浪底排沙期下游河道水位抬升原因分析[J].人民黄河，2021，43（12）：41-44，48.

Abstract： 2019 is the year with the largest amount of water and sediment entering into the lower Yellow River since the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. During the sediment discharge period from July 8 to 18， the sediment discharge of the reservoir was 531.7 million tons and the siltation of the lower reaches of the Yellow River was 349.9 million tons. After sediment discharge， the water level corresponding to 3 000 m3/s in Fucun， Huayuan Town， Kaiyi， Zhaogou and Huagong was increased by 1.17 m， 1.51 m， 1.50 m， 1.27 m and 1.26 m respectively. The water level corresponding to 3 000 m3/s in Kaiyi was increased by 1.82 m once， and the water level rising in some river sections was very prominent. In order to provide necessary technical support for future reservoir operation， make full use of conventional hydrological data， water gauge data of vulnerable spots and additional survey section data， it used the method of data analysis to analyze the process and causes of river channel sedimentation and water level rising. Shallow river width and low velocity were the direct causes of siltation in some river sections， resulting in retrogressive siltation in the upstream river sections and water level rising. It is suggested to pay close attention to the water level changes of relevant river sections in the future reservoir sediment discharge operation and adjust the reservoir operation at any time to avoid floodplain.

Key words： sedimentation; reservoir desilting; water level; Xiaolangdi Reservoir; Lower Yellow River

1 研究背景

2019年汛期，黃河上中下游出现多次洪水过程，编号洪水出现4次。其中：受持续降雨影响，黄河上游河源区来水偏多近60%，并形成3次编号洪水;受强降雨影响，黄河中游山陕区间部分支流、渭河出现多次明显洪水过程，渭河洪水与北干流来水汇合后在潼关站形成1次编号洪水;黄河下游干流洪水主要受水库联合调度影响，大流量过程持续时间较长，支流大汶河受台风“利奇马”影响出现一次明显洪水过程。据统计，2019年龙门、华县、河津和头四站（简称“四站”）的水量主要由黄河上游的来水构成，占四站之和264.4亿m3的83%，其次为来自中游支流渭河的洪水，占四站之和的16%。……