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时间压力对风险决策的影响:基于实验经济学的研究

2021-12-09赵鑫秦向东

上海管理科学 2021年5期

赵鑫 秦向东

摘 要: 近年来许多研究提供了确凿的证据证明了时间压力对于个体做出面临风险的决策具有显著的影响。然而,在大多数研究中,时间压力的来源为计算机给出的时间压力,而日常生活中,时间压力常常来源于他人,因此本研究尝试探究来源于真人而不是不可抗力的时间压力的影响。我们使用组间对照的实验方法探究压力来源对结论一致性的影响。应用Kocher等学者的研究中使用的类似CET彩票决策问题,我们发现外生的时间压力在正负前景下都增加了风险厌恶,但当时间压力来源于真人时,相比于非交互情境,负前景下行为人更加厌恶风险,但正前景中行为人更加寻求风险。我们使用后悔理论与自利偏差建立模型解释并讨论了相关的结论。

关键词: 时间压力;风险厌恶;风险寻求;后悔理论;自利偏差

中图分类号: F 069

文献标志码: A

Dont Rush me : Time Pressure and Risk Preference Inconsistency

ZHAO Xin QIN Xiangdong

(Antai College of Economics & Management, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China)

Abstract: Recent literatures have documented various experimental evidence of significant effect of time pressure on individuals decision making under risk. However, in most of those studies, the effect of time pressure is measured where the time pressures are randomly assigned by computers. We conduct the current study to identify the magnitude of the impact of time pressure when it is imposed by a real person rather than by nature. We use a between-subject design to study whether the difference in the source of pressure matters. Applying a similar binary choice lottery (CET) design as Kocher, we find that time pressure increases risk aversion for both the pure gain prospect and the pure loss prospect when it is exogenously trigged. And when the pressure is imposed by a real person for potential personal benefit, it would lead to consistent risk seeking in gains and consistent risk aversion in losses. The results provide new evidence for decision making under time pressure. We integrate the psychological tendency of self-serving bias with the model in regret theory to shed lights on the inconsistency.

Key words: time pressure; risk aversion; risk seeking; regret theory; self-serving bias

人們在社会、经济环境中面临不同的决策,而权衡利弊的时间往往有限: 英式拍卖中,竞标者需要在有限时间内对竞拍策略进行调整,否则将遗憾地与拍品失之交臂;在外汇交易市场,汇率价格瞬息万变,于短时间内迅速做出反应,才有机会获得可观的收益。可以说,时间压力无处不在,而行为人亦时刻经受着其带来的考验。

相当数量的研究表明,时间压力对于个体决策有着深远的影响。尤其当时间压力过大时,可能会带来焦虑、不安的情绪,影响个体做出正确的判断,导致决策质量的下降。……

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