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依托思维导图,助力续写教学
——以2021年新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写为例

2021-11-10广东余爱香

教学考试(高考英语) 2021年5期
关键词:记叙文早餐导图

广东 余爱香

读后续写是新高考英语试题中的新题型,所选素材一般是情节曲折、逻辑性较强的记叙文,分值为25 分,续写的内容也以记叙为主。读后续写属于综合性语言测试,是将阅读与写作紧密结合的考查形式,把语言的输入与输出融合在同一语境中,主要考查学生的文本解读能力、合理想象能力、情节构思能力、创新表达能力和语言运用能力等。

一、思维导图的定义与特点

思维导图作为一种思维工具,可以让思考变得有序、激发创造力和培养发散性思维、逻辑性思维。相关研究表明,大部分学生偏向视觉型学习,而思维导图就是一种视觉化的学习工具。思维导图是一种发散性的思维表达工具,教师可以在读后续写的教学中利用其帮助学生梳理文章脉络,构思续写情节,拓展细节描写。

二、思维导图与读后续写

笔者尝试在英语读后续写教学中基于思维导图,开展“以读导图,以图导思,以图导写”的写作教学策略。1.阅读阶段——以读导图:思维导图可以帮助学生在文本理解的基础上,构建文本的框架结构,厘清文本的主线与脉络。2.写前阶段——以图导思:思维导图可以帮助学生构思情节,根据阅读阶段整理归纳的信息,结合所给续写段落首句,发挥想象力,按照事件发展的线索,运用“六所思维”(所见、所听、所闻、所感、所做、所说)形式,创造性地构思续写内容。3.写作阶段——以图导写:借助阅读阶段和写前阶段所构建的思维导图并结合所积累的相关语言素材进行写作。以下是完成读后续写题目的大致框架。

三、思维导图在读后续写中的运用

下面笔者以2021年新高考Ⅰ卷读后续写为例,具体阐述如何依托思维导图来帮助学生进行读后续写。

A MOTHER’S DAY SURPRISE

The twins were filled with excitement as they thought of the surprise they were planning for Mother’s Day.How pleased and proud Mother would be when they brought her breakfast in bed.They planned to make French toast and chicken porridge.They had watched their mother in the kitchen.There was nothing to it.Jenna and Jeff knew exactly what to do.

The big day came at last.The alarm rang at 6 a.m.The pair went down the stairs quietly to the kitchen.They decided to boil the porridge first.They put some rice into a pot of water and left it to boil while they made the French toast.Jeff broke two eggs into a plate and added in some milk.Jenna found the bread and put two slices into the egg mixture.Next, Jeff turned on the second stove burner to heat up the frying pan.Everything was going smoothly until Jeff started frying the bread.The pan was too hot and the bread turned black within seconds.Jenna threw the burnt piece into the sink and put in the other slice of bread.This time, she turned down the fire so it cooked nicely.

Then Jeff noticed steam shooting out of the pot and the lid starting to shake.The next minute, the porridge boiled over and put out the fire.Jenna panicked.Thankfully, Jeff stayed calm and turned off the gas quickly.But the stove was a mess now.Jenna told Jeff to clean it up so they could continue to cook the rest of the porridge.But Jeff ’s hand touched the hot burner and he gave a cry of pain.Jenna made him put his hand in cold water.Then she caught the smell of burning.Oh dear! The piece of bread in the pan had turned black as well.

注意:

1.续写词数应为150 左右;

2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

As the twins looked around them in disappointment, their father appeared._____________________________________

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up._________________________________________

(一)阅读阶段——以读导图(梳理已知信息)

1.泛读——利用思维导图梳理文章大意

快速阅读文本,利用思维导图厘清文章的脉络和结构,旨在帮助学生整体把握文章大意,为后面的续写环节做好语篇结构的铺垫。

(1)关注标题,预测故事主线。标题是对文章的高度概括,本文的标题是A MOTHER’S DAY SURPRISE,即在母亲节给母亲一个惊喜。(2)阅读文本梳理记叙文的六要素,即人物(who)、时间(when)、地点(where)、事件(what)、原因(why)及预测怎样发展(how)。通过阅读文本可知,本文的主题语境为“人与社会”之“家庭关系”,文章大意为:在母亲节这天,双胞胎Jeff和Jenna 想要给母亲一个惊喜,亲手为母亲做早餐。

2.精读——利用思维导图梳理故事情节

再次阅读文本可以帮助学生理解故事情节和情感线。记叙文故事情节贯串于整个文本,即事情的起因(beginning),经过(development),高潮(climax)和结果(ending)。记叙文的情节通常是通过行为动作和心理活动来推动的。因此,在阅读文本的过程中可以重点找出描写主要人物Jeff和Jenna 的主要动作和心理行为的动词。梳理故事情节可以采用“故事山”模式的思维导图,使故事的开始,发展和高潮部分已有的情节一目了然。然后根据已知信息进行有逻辑性的推断。

(二)写前阶段——以图导思(构思续写情节)

在精读文本并梳理了文本的情节线与情感线的思维导图后,根据已给续写段落首句,就能较为顺利地推断出故事发展的方向,从而构思出续写段落的故事情节。根据续写第一段首句“正当双胞胎失望之时,爸爸出现了”可知,第一段续写部分可以写孩子们在爸爸的帮助下,最终成功地为妈妈做了美味的早餐。基本可以确定第一段的关键词是爸爸的帮助(help)和孩子们重拾的希望和信心。根据续写第二段首句中的“carried the breakfast”可推测出第一段的结局应是“双胞胎成功地做好了早餐”。

第二段首句为双胞胎端着早餐去叫醒妈妈。第二段续 写部分可以写妈妈醒来看到早餐后的惊喜,一家人体会到彼此的爱。因此第二段可以重点描写妈妈看到早餐后的惊喜以及感动的心理活动。最后升华主题:早餐包含了一家人对彼此的爱。

因此,在写前阶段,教师可引导学生在已给文本阅读和续写段落首句的基础上,合理构思续写情节。以下是根据已知信息和“六所思维”所搭建的情节构思导图。

(三)写作阶段——以图导写(拓展细节描写)

细节描写是读后续写不可或缺的写作技巧。恰当地运用细节描写,能起到烘托环境气氛、刻画人物性格和揭示主题思想的作用,使故事更有画面感,使文章具有可读性和感染力。在进行细节拓展时可以借鉴国外英语教学中经常使用的“展示而非讲述”(Show!Don’t tell.)策略,使表达更加直观和有画面感,读者通过作者对人物的动作、语言、想法、感官与感觉的描写,而不是靠作者的说明或总结来体验故事。

在平时的教学中,教师可运用“展示而非讲述”的策略引导学生构建相关的细节描写思维导图,帮助学生建立和丰富读后续写语料库,搭建语言内容支架。例如:任何心理情感活动的描写都可以从人物的面部表情、肢体动作、声音等角度展开细节描写,同时亦可增添外部环境描写衬托人物情绪。在平时的写作教学中,笔者通过思维导图引导学生积累不同的语言知识。下图是表示“开心、兴奋”的思维导图。

在进行本文的细节拓展描写时,教师可引导学生围绕happiness, movement等关键词联想、回忆相关的词块、语块、句式思维导图,激活学生已有的语言图式知识。

以下为笔者指导学生完成的续写文章:

As the twins looked around them in disappointment, their father appeared.At the sight of the messy kitchen, he knew what had happened.He patted them gently, comforting“Don’t worry!I’ll help you fix it.”Hearing the words, the twins nodded,with their eyes sparkling with great excitement.Under their father’s instruction, they cleaned up the mess and finally succeeded in making French toast and chicken porridge.Seeing the delicious breakfast, the twins could imagine how surprised and proud their mother would be when enjoying it.

The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up.They handed the breakfast to her, yelling “Happy Mother’s Day! A big surprise for you!”Mother threw her arms around the twins and hugged them tightly, with moving tears streaming down from cheeks.Her eyes widenedand she could not help tasting the breakfast, saying proudly it was the best breakfast she had ever had.Father pretended to be astonished too, winking at Jenna and Jeff.They could not help giggling.Bathed in the sunshine,they enjoyed the breakfast together.It is the family love that helps make the most delicious breakfast.

教师用思维导图指导学生进行读后续写,可以帮助学生利用思维导图将其“所读、所思、所想”画出来,关注到学生的思维过程和写作过程。思维导图能够帮助学生把握文章整体的结构脉络,有助于写作构思以及进行细节拓展描写,从而提高学生的读后续写能力。

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