李涛 孟丹丹 郭水良 袁国徽 钱振官 杨伟萍 范洁群 吕卫光

摘要 為了摸清蚯蚓活动对杂草发生的影响以及除草剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性，2017年-2019年连续3年调查了“花菜-蚯蚓”种养模式下田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量，同时测定了17种除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性。结果表明，与花菜单一种植模式相比，“花菜-蚯蚓”种养模式显著降低了田间杂草物种数、总草密度和生物量，减轻了杂草危害。不同除草剂对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性存在较大的差异。采用滤纸法处理48 h，丙草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵和噁唑酰草胺对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高，LD50分别为1.1、1.8 μg/cm2和7.1 μg/cm2。其次为灭草松，LD50为70.3 μg/cm2。乙羧氟草醚、吡嘧磺隆、氰氟草酯、五氟磺草胺、硝磺草酮、嘧啶肟草醚和烟嘧磺隆对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低，LD50均大于1 200 μg/cm2。采用人工土壤法处理14 d，灭草松对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性最高，LD50为50.3 mg/kg。其次为二甲戊灵、草铵膦和丙草胺，LD50分别为111.9、137.4 mg/kg和169.5 mg/kg。双草醚、氰氟草酯、硝磺草酮和苯唑草酮对威廉环毛蚓的急性毒性相对较低，LD50均大于500 mg/kg。基于滤纸法和人工土壤法的测定结果，丙草胺、灭草松、噁唑酰草胺、高效氟吡甲禾灵、草铵膦和二甲戊灵对威廉环毛蚓具有相对较高的急性毒性，不建议用于“作物-蚯蚓”种养农田防除杂草。

关键词 除草剂; 急性毒性; 威廉环毛蚓; 杂草; “花菜-蚯蚓”种养

中图分类号： S 482.4

文献标识码： A

DOI： 10.16688/j.zwbh.

2020340

Effects of cauliflower-earthworm co-culture farming on weed occurrence and acute toxicity evaluation of herbicides on earthworm

LI Tao1， MENG Dandan2， GUO Shuiliang2， YUAN Guohui1， QIAN Zhenguan1，YANG Weiping3， FAN Jiequn1*， L Weiguang1*

（1. Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences， Shanghai 201403， China; 2. College of Life and Environmental

Sciences， Shanghai Normal University， Shanghai 200234， China; 3. Agricultural Technology Extension

Service Station of Zhangyan Town， Jinshan District， Shanghai 201514， China）

Abstract

In order to determine the effect of earthworm activities on weed occurrence and the acute toxicity of herbicides to earthworm， we investigated the weed species number， total weed density and biomass in the cauliflower-earthworm co-culture farming system from 2017 to 2019 and evaluated the acute toxicity of 17 herbicides to Pheretima guillelmi. The results showed that the practice of cauliflower-earthworm co-culture farming significantly reduced weed species number， total weed density and biomass compared with cauliflower mono-culture farming. The acute toxicity of herbicides to P.guillelmi varied. Exposed for 48 h by using filter paper contact test， pretilachlor， haloxyfop-P-methyl and metamifop had the highest acute toxicity to P.guillelmi， with  LD50 values of 1.1， 1.8 and 7.1 μg/cm2， respectively， followed by bentazone， with  LD50value of 70.3 μg/cm2. Fluoroglycofen， pyrazosulfuron-ethyl， cyhalofop-butyl， penoxsulam， mesotrione， pyribenzoxim and nicosulfuron had relatively low acute toxicity to Pguillelmi， all with an LD50 value greater than 1 200 μg/cm2. Exposed for 14 d by using artificial soil test， bentazone had the highest acute toxicity to P.guillelmi with an LD50 value of 50.3 mg/kg， followed by pendimethalin， glufosinate-ammonium and pretilachlor， with  LD50 values of 111.9， 137.4 and 1695 mg/kg， respectively. The acute toxicity of bispyribac-sodium， cyhalofop-butyl， mesotrione， and topramezone to Pguillelmi was relatively low， and their LD50 values were all greater than 500 mg/kg. The results of acute toxicity tests showed that pretilachlor， bentazone， metamifop， haloxyfop-P-methyl， glufosinate-ammonium and pendimethalin had relatively high acute toxicity to P.guillelmi， and they were not recommended to be applied in the crop-earthworm co-culture farming.

Key words

herbicide; acute toxicity; Pheretima guillelmi; weed; cauliflower-earthworm co-culture

以低休耕率、农用化学品高投入和土地密集耕作为特点的集约农业为人类带来较高作物产量的同时，也引起一些负面问题，如生态退化、面源污染、地力下降、残留毒性和生物多样性丧失等[1-2]。……