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超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞的应用研究进展

2021-09-16许鲁琪赵玺王鹏飞李震张勇

中国现代医生 2021年15期

许鲁琪  赵玺  王鹏飞  李震  张勇

[关键词] 超声引导;腹横肌平面阻滞;镇痛;麻醉药物

[中图分类号] R614.4          [文献标识码] A          [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)15-0187-06

Research progress of application of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block

XU Luqi   ZHAO Xi   WANG Pengfei   LI Zhen   ZHANG Yong

Department of Anesthesiology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou   256600, China

[Abstract] Ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block(TAPB) is considered to be an effective and safe method of nerve block,which can effectively relieve the perioperative pain caused by the abdominal surgery and be suitable for supplemental anesthesia and analgesia in a variety of abdominal operations. In recent years,TAPB has been an effective method in multimodal analgesia, which can reduce the stress reaction during the perioperative period, reduce the dose of anesthetics, shorten the length of hospital stay, and promote the rehabilitation of patients,so then it fit with the comfort medical treatment advocated at present. Through literature search and reading, the author reviews the anatomical characteristics, drug selection, clinical application and application prospect of TAPB, in order to provide reference and basis for the clinical application of TAPB.

[Key words] Ultrasound-guided; Transversus abdominis plane block; Analgesia; Anaesthetics

加速康复外科理念(Enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)是中国目前着力推进的围术期医学管理的新模式,侧重于学科综合性配合的围术期一种管理方式,主要内容就是将患者因手术引发的应激反应降低,可以降低并发症发生率和死亡率,降低重症医学科的入住率、医源性消耗,明显缩短住院时间和再入院率。科学有效的术后疼痛管理是加速康复外科的重要环节,是真正实现ERAS的必备条件。最近几年,在麻醉与外科领域,人们愈发重视多模式镇痛这一概念(Multimodal analgesia,MMA)。所谓多模式镇痛是指同时使用不同的镇痛方法与药物进而使镇痛效果提升,同时减少使用的阿片类药物剂量,减轻因使用阿片类药物导致的不良反应。近年来,随着超声技术的推广,超声引导下腹横肌平面阻滞(Transversus abdominis plane block,TAPB)技术现已作为腹部手术常用的围术期多模式镇痛的方法之一。超声引导下的TAPB操作较简单、效果确切、并发症发生率低;能够减少术中全麻药物用量,提高镇痛的评分指数,另外还可用于慢性疼痛、癌痛等治疗。本文就TAPB实施过程中所涉及的解剖特点、药物选择、临床应用、应用进展等综述如下。

1 腹横肌平面阻滞

1.1腹横肌平面的解剖特点

前腹壁包括四块肌肉:腹直肌、腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌和腹横肌。前腹壁的壁层腹膜、肌肉组织、皮下组织与皮肤是通过第一腰神经前支和6组下段胸神经(T7~T12)进行支配的,T7~L1神经穿出椎间孔后,从侧腹壁肌肉穿过,沿腹横肌与腹内斜肌的间隙中平行分布,在腋中线周围反射出侧腹壁被皮支支配的皮肤感觉。……

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