两种稻田用除草剂残留对烟草危害的阈值研究
2021-09-13房宽徐茜刘建阳林卿宋江雨林勇黄仕亮王秀国林伟刘通
房宽 徐茜 刘建阳 林卿 宋江雨 林勇 黄仕亮 王秀国 林伟 刘通



摘 要:为指导烟稻轮作区稻田用除草剂2,4-滴丁酯和氯氟吡氧乙酸的合理使用,通过室内盆栽与大田试验,研究了两种除草剂在土壤和烟株中的残留和消解动态,以及烟株药害症状和内源激素含量变化。结果表明:(1)两种除草剂残留均可导致烟株矮化,茎秆扭曲,烟叶卷曲黄化;(2)兩种除草剂残留导致不同部位烟叶IAA和GA3含量显著降低,ABA含量显著升高(p<0.05);(3)随施用剂量和处理时间增加,两种除草剂残留对烟株农艺性状的抑制作用增强,以株高或叶面积抑制率为10%~15%为标准,2,4-滴丁酯和氯氟吡氧乙酸的致害阈值在土壤中分别为1.022和0.053 mg/kg,在叶片中分别为0.047 8和0.027 6 mg/kg;(4)结合致害阈值得出2,4-滴丁酯和氯氟吡氧乙酸的田间安全间隔期分别为53 d和160 d。
关键词:2,4-滴丁酯;氯氟吡氧乙酸;烟草;残留;药害
Abstract: In order to guide the rational use of 2,4-D butyl ester and fluroxypyr in paddy fields in tobacco-rice rotation areas, the residues and digestion dynamics of the two herbicides in soil and tobacco, tobacco plant phytotoxicity symptoms and endogenous hormone content changes were studied by indoor pot experiment and field experiment. The results showed that: (1) The residues of two herbicides could lead to dwarfing of tobacco plants, serious contortion of stems, curling and yellowing of tobacco leaves. (2) The residues of two herbicides significantly decreased the contents of IAA and GA3, and significantly increased the content of ABA in tobacco (p<0.05). (3) With the increase of application dose and treatment time, the inhibition effect on agronomic traits of tobacco plants was enhanced. Taking the inhibition rate of 10%-15% for plant height or leaf area as the standard, the critical thresholds of 2,4-D butyl ester and fluroxypyr in soil were 1.022 mg/kg and 0.053 mg/kg, respectively, and the critical thresholds in leaves were 0.047 8 mg/kg and 0.027 6 mg/kg, respectively. (4) Combined with the critical threshold, the safety intervals of 2,4-D butyl ester and fluroxypyr in the field were estimated to be 53 days and 160 days, respectively.
Keywords: 2,4-D butyl ester; fluroxypyr; tobacco; residue; phytotoxicity
2,4-滴丁酯(2,4-D butyl ester)和氯氟吡氧乙酸(Fluroxypyr)作为两种典型的激素类除草剂,具有内吸性强、传导快且广谱的特点,除草效果好且应用面积广阔[1]。然而,由于不科学使用,药害问题在全国大面积发生,药害涉及到果树、蔬菜等多种作物,严重影响其产质量[2-4]。
稻烟轮作是我国南方烟区主要的烟草栽培方式,稻田常用激素类除草剂残留过量导致后茬烟草出现药害的现象常有发生。林建麒等[5]研究表明,二氯喹啉酸在稻田残留过量会导致后茬烟株出现生长迟缓,烟叶狭窄、下卷等症状;张国宾等[6]报道二甲四氯钠残留会严重抑制烟株株高、叶宽和叶长;杨森等[7]报道,麦草畏残留会导致烟株矮小,新叶皱缩畸形。王钢等[8]通过室内盆栽研究表明,2,4-滴丁酯和氯氟吡氧乙酸残留可导致烟叶畸形,烟株发育受阻。然而,由于气候等因素影响,室内盆栽试验产生的药害症状可能与田间不同,不利于药害症状的精准识别[9]。此外,药害的产生是由于除草剂在烟草体内残留导致,因此,结合药害症状,检测药害时发生的环境介质和烟草体内除草剂含量,对指导除草剂合理使用具有重要意义。……
