民歌与史传:宁德歌谣里的畲茶史话
2021-09-10陈夏临葛桂录
陈夏临 葛桂录
摘要:作为宁德畲族重要文化符号之一,畲茶意象在世代传唱的民谣与民歌中频繁出现。畲歌与史传中的畲茶礼仪、品类、产区、采摘时序和品饮方式等,充满闽东畲族地域特色与民俗,再现了历史中的畲茶文化。文章发掘畲汉文化融合中、民族历史情境下、闽东山海地域旁的宁德畲茶史料,以建构更鲜活的畲族地域性茶文化形象,推進宁德畲茶产业发展。
关键词:民歌;民族史;畲茶;集体性文化记忆;山海地域
Folk Songs and Historical Biography: A Historical
Narrative of She Tea in the Songs of Ningde
CHEN Xialin, GE Guilu*
Literature Department, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
Abstract: The image of She tea, as one of the important cultural symbols of She ethnic group in Ningde City, frequentlyappears in the folk songs and singing language handed down from generation to generation. She songs, along withthe rituals, categories, producing areas, picking time and tasting methods of She tea in history, are full of regionalfeatures and folk customs of the She people in eastern Fujian, reproducing the She tea culture in history. The history ofNingde She tea was explored in the context of She-Han cultural integration, ethnic history of mountains and seas in eastern Fujian to construct a more vivid image of regional tea culture and promote the development of She tea industry in Ningde.
Keywords: folk song, ethnic history, She tea, collective cultural memory, region by mountains and seas
被誉为“海国斯文地”的福建宁德,畲汉文化世代融通。明末清初,曾两次迎来闽西畲民大举迁入:明万历年间,种芒和种菁风靡一时,吸引大量畲族拓荒者;康熙二十二年清廷统一台湾后,命粤、闽、江、浙等沿海地区迁民归里[1]。这两次畲民迁入丰富了宁德地方文化,而茶俗悠远的宁德畲民,在与当地汉族互动中形成了别具特色的畲茶文化。世代倚山而居的宁德畲民尤好茶,畲茶在日常生活与交际中扮演着极重要的角色,构成宁德畲民文化模因,并经由民歌、民间故事等形式,将地域色彩浓郁的茶俗存留于民族志中。
唐陆羽《茶经·七之事》引《永嘉图经》云,“永嘉县东三百里有白茶山”,应指今白茶之都福鼎太姥山,宁德畲茶“绿雪芽”的发源地。20世纪50年代以来,在宁德县霍童、虎浿、八都等多个村落和福鼎太姥山陆续发现野生茶树[2],凭借当地茶叶同源生态演化区的地理环境优势,宁德畲民世代依山种茶。自明代畲族先民大量落籍闽东后,主要从事种植业,过着靠山吃山的农耕生活,畲村耕地地块小,土壤贫瘠,农作物产量低于汉族地区,而地处东南沿海的宁德,适合多品种茶叶种植[3],种茶遂成畲民重要的副业收入来源。……
