畸形精子与精子DNA损伤对生育影响的研究进展
2021-08-18张杰胡红林
张杰 胡红林
[关键词] 精子形态;精子DNA;畸形精子;辅助生殖技术
[中图分类号] R698.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2021)19-0187-06
Research progress on the effects of abnormal sperm and sperm DNA damage on fertility
ZHANG Jie1 HU Honglin2
1.Department of Assisted Reproduction,Jiujiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital in Jiangxi Province,Jiujiang 332000,China;2.Department of Urology,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University,Nanchang 330000,China
[Abstract] Sperm is an indispensable male gamete in the reproductive process.Its normal morphology and nuclear chromatin determine the reproductive ability and the safety of offspring.Therefore,abnormal sperm and sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage is an important cause of infertility.Sperm morphology has always been an important indicator that affects male fertility and reproductive outcomes.Strict sperm morphology has significant predictive value in natural conception and assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatments.However,the isolated use of sperm morphology to predict reproductive outcome has its limitations.In recent years,with the deepening of sperm research, the role of sperm DNA in reproduction has attracted more and more attention,especially in embryonic development and pregnancy outcome.It has a better predictive effect than sperm morphology.This article mainly reviews the mechanisms of abnormal sperm and DNA damage and their effects on reproduction.
[Key words] Sperm morphology; Sperm DNA; Abnormal sperm; Assisted reproductive technology
近年来,随着工作与生活节奏的加快、环境污染等问题加剧,不孕不育的发生率正在逐年上升。据统计,大约有15%~20%的夫妇存在着不孕不育,其中男性因素高达40%~50%[1-2]。造成男性不育的主要原因是精子质量的下降,据统计过去几十年,男性的精子质量呈现出不断下降的趋势[3-5]。在不育不孕高发的背景下,一些夫妇无法获得自然妊娠而选择辅助生殖技术(Assisted reproductive technology,ART)助孕治疗。精子质量不仅在自然生育中扮演了不可替代的角色,在ART治疗中也起着非常关键的作用。早在17世纪,Anton van Leeuwenhoek第一次利用顯微镜在人类和动物精液中发现了精子,人类从此开启了认识和研究精子的大门。1916年,Cary第一次提出精子形态可能对男性生育能力造成影响。而到1980年,WHO首次对精液体积、pH、液化时间、精子数量、活动力、形态等参数制定了统一的检测方法和标准阈值。近年来,随着人们对精子功能和机制的不断认识,精子质量评估已经向细胞、分子阶段发展,其中精子DNA完整性检测对生殖的影响受到了高度重视。本文主要就精子形态和精子DNA结构发生异常的机制及它们对生殖的影响作一综述。
1 畸形精子产生的机制
正常精子形似蝌蚪,长约60 μm,分为头部和尾部。头部长4~4.5 μm,宽2.5~3.5 μm,外观呈椭圆形,光滑、对称,由高度浓缩的细胞核和顶体组成,前者为遗传物质的携带者,后者是特殊的溶酶体。精子尾部是头部的7~15倍,分为颈段、中段、主段和末段,由尾部中央的轴丝和中段周围的线粒体鞘组成,前者是精子运动的结构基础,后者是精子运动的供能装置。……
