浅谈球墨铸铁凝固特性对铸造工艺的影响
2021-08-17孙西森
孙西森



【摘 要】在铸造缺陷中,体积缺陷(缩孔、缩松)是常见的报废原因,铁水从浇注到凝固,温度迅速降低,铁液内部发生了复杂的物理化学变化与体积变化。在凝固过程中,球墨铸铁的凝固尤为复杂,铸件液态时便会有石墨球和枝状晶析出,并且是在一个很宽的温度范围内进行,所以球墨铸铁是典型的糊状凝固特征,而糊状凝固则是导致铸件出现体积缺陷的主要原因,因此,研究球墨铸铁的凝固过程至关重要,对铸造工艺方法有重大指导意义。论文的目的是针对球墨铸铁的糊状凝固特性,探讨预防缩松、缩孔的工艺方法,以期能对提高铸件质量,减少铸造废品有所裨益。
【Abstract】In the casting defects, volume defects (shrinkage hole and loosening) are a common cause of scrap. From casting to solidification, the temperature of molten iron drops rapidly, and complex physical and chemical changes and volume changes take place inside the molten iron. In the process of solidification, solidification of ductile iron is particularly complex. Casting in liquid state will precipitate graphite spheres and dendrites, and is carried out in a wide temperature range, so ductile iron is a typical pasty solidification characteristics, and pasty solidification is the main cause of casting volume defects. Therefore, it is very important to study the solidification process of ductile iron, and it has great guiding significance to the casting technology. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the technological methods of preventing shrinkage hole and loosening according to the paste solidification characteristics of ductile iron,so as to improve casting quality and reduce casting waste.
【關键词】球墨铸铁;缩松;缩孔;糊状凝固
【Keywords】ductile iron; shrinkage loosening; shrinkage hole; paste solidification
【中图分类号】TG245 【文献标志码】A 【文章编号】1673-1069(2021)08-0168-02
1 球墨铸铁件的缩孔、缩松
目前在球墨铸铁件生产中,常有缩松、缩孔现象,并且仅仅总结各种缩松、缩孔的缺陷种类就有近24种,缩松、缩孔会严重影响铸件的力学性能,严重时会出现断裂,造成重大损失。常见缩松缺陷如表1所示。
2 球墨铸铁的凝固
球墨铸铁和其他铸造合金一样,都要经历液态冷却和凝固时的收缩,但有一点与其他铸造合金不同。
球墨铸铁还经历凝固时的一个膨胀期,具体就是3个收缩与1个膨胀。3个收缩:液态收缩,凝固收缩,固相收缩。1个膨胀:石墨化膨胀。所以球墨铸铁的凝固过程是收缩和膨胀的动态叠加结果[1]。
2.1 液态收缩
对于球铁的液态收缩,宏观表现为铁水液面的下降,微观表现就是铁合金系统内的原子动能在不断降低,原子间距不断减小导致的体积收缩,体积的收缩可由以下公式描述。……
