★ 张盛楠

七十多年来，维和行动已成为联合国应对国际危机的重要工具。联合国成立之初并没有维持和平这一概念，达格·哈马舍尔德（Dag Hammarskjold）担任秘书长后提出：“维持和平属于《联合国宪章》‘第六章半’的行动，介于诸如调停与事实调查等和平解决争端的传统方法和军事干预这样的强力手段之间。”①60 Years of United Nations Peacekeeping, https://www.un.org/en/events/peacekeepersday/2008/60years.shtml；UNDPKO, An Introduction to United Nations Peacekeeping: An Evolving Technique, http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/dpko/intro/1.htm.冷战时，美苏对抗使联合国安理会无法正常运转，因此联合国发起维和行动的机会有限。冷战结束后，联合国维和行动开始发挥应有作用，而非洲是其重点部署区域。自1990年以来，联合国共发起53 项维和行动，其中28 项在非洲，占比高达52.8%。②Past Peace Operations, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/past-peacekeeping-operations; Where We Operate, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate.纵观联合国维和的历史，南亚国家维和人员的身影频频出现在非洲大陆，但南亚与非洲地理位置相距较远，大部分国家在非洲也没有值得关切的国家利益，因此南亚国家积极参与联合国非洲维和行动的缘由及其表现都值得深入探讨。

目前，南亚国家与非洲维和行动颇受学界关注，但大多文献以南亚个别国家为研究对象，尤其是印度③关于印度在非洲参与维和行动的情况，参见：Alan Bullion, “India and UN Peacekeeping Operations,” International Peacekeeping, Vol.4, No.1, 1997, pp.98-114; Ruchita Beri, “India's Role in Keeping Peace in Africa,” Strategic Analysis, Vol.32, No.2, 2008,pp.197-221; Kabilan Krishnasamy and Auriol Weigold, “The Paradox of India's Peacekeeping,” Contemporary South Asia, Vol.12, No.2,2003, pp.263-280; Yeshi Choedon, “India and the Current Concerns of UN Peacekeeping: Issues and Prospects,” India Quarterly, Vol.63,No.2, 2007, pp.150-184; Mischa Hansel and Miriam Möller, “House of Cards? India's Rationales for Contributing to UN Peacekeeping,”Global Change, Peace and Security, Vol.26, No.2, 2014, pp.141-157; Montgomery Blah, “India’s Stance and Renewed Commitment to UN Peacekeeping,” Strategic Analysis, Vol.41, No.3, 2017, pp.257-272；时宏远：《论印度在非洲的维和行动》，《国际问题研究》2008年第5 期；沈德昌：《印度与冷战后联合国维和行动》，《南亚研究季刊》2009年第3 期。，也有少量文献分析了巴基斯坦和孟加拉国①关于巴基斯坦和孟加拉国在非洲参与维和行动的情况，参见：Kabilan Krishnasamy, “Pakistan’s Peacekeeping Experiences,”International Peacekeeping, Vol.9, No.3, 2002, pp.103-120; Tughral Yamin, “Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Motivations in Sending Troops Abroad,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability, Vol.1, No.1, 2017, pp.1-21；Najimdeen Bakare, “Diversification of Foreign Policy, From Peacekeeping to Strategic Presence: The Case of Pakistan in Africa,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability, Vol.1,No.2, 2018, pp.103-115; Ume Farwa and Ghazanfar Ali Garewal, “An Analysis of UN Peacekeeping as Pakistan’s Soft Power Asset,” NUST Journal of International Peace and Stability, Vol.1, No.2, 2018, pp.91-102; Kabilan Krishnasamy, “Bangladesh and UN Peacekeeping: The Participation of a ‘Small’ State,” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Vol.41, No.1, 2003, pp.24-47.。这类文献有助于了解单一国家在非洲的维和经历，但无法从整体上反映南亚国家在非洲的维和形象。另有一些文献以南亚地区为研究对象，但主要关注维和动机。……