倪静波，童毅华，李 星,3，夏念和*

(1.中国科学院华南植物园，广东省应用植物学重点实验室，广东 广州 510650； 2.中国科学院核心植物园保护生物学中心，广东 广州 510650； 3.中国科学院大学，北京 100049)

簕竹属(BambusaSchreber)隶属于禾本科(Poaceae)簕竹族(Bambuseae Kunth ex Dumort.)簕竹亚族(Bambusinae J. S. Presl)[1-2]，全世界约有145种[3]，主要分布于亚洲的热带及亚热带地区，热带地区广泛栽培，我国有81种，主要分布于华南和西南[4-5]。加上最近发表的绥江青竹(B.suijiangensisJ. B. Nietal.)，广东共有簕竹属植物62种，是全国簕竹属种类最多的省份[6-8]。目前，簕竹属分为4个亚属，即簕竹亚属(B.subgen.Bambusa)、绿竹亚属(B.subgen.Dengdrocalamopsis)、箪竹亚属(B.subgen.Lingnania)和孝顺竹亚属(B.subgen.Leleba)[5,7]。簕竹亚属全世界约有35种，我国有27种，主要分布于华南地区，其中广东具有国内大部分种类，种数达23种[5,7]。该亚属的主要特征为秆下部的分枝上具有小枝缩短成的硬刺或软刺，秆每节具1-3主枝，箨耳较大，箨片宿存等，且在该亚属中，国产已知具硬刺的种类仅有簕竹(B.blumeanaSchult. f.)、车筒竹(B.sinospinosaMcClure)、鸡窦簕竹(B.funghomiiMcClure)、小簕竹(B.flexuosaMunro)等4种[5,7]。

2021年12月我们在江门市江海区进行中药资源调查的过程中发现了一种广东未曾记录过的竹种。该种秆下部分枝上的小枝特化为硬刺，且分枝交织成网状，显系簕竹属簕竹亚属的成员。经与近似种的比对研究后发现，该种实为一个未被描述过的新种，因此在这里予以报道。

良智簕竹 新种(图1-2) Bambusa liangzhiana N. H. Xia, J. B. Ni & Y. H. Tong, sp. nov. (Figs. 1-2)

图1 良智簕竹Fig.1 Bambusa liangzhiana A.竹丛；B.秆下部分枝；C.秆芽及节；D.特化为反曲且尖锐硬刺的小枝；E.秆箨背面(左)和腹面(右)；F.末级具叶小枝；G.具叶小枝局部，示外叶舌、叶耳及鞘口繸毛.(A倪静波摄，B～C李星摄，D～G童毅华摄) A.Clump; B.Branches on lower culm; C.Culm bud and node; D.Branchlets forming tough, sharp and curved thorns; E.Culm leaf, abaxial (left) and adaxial (right) view; F.Ultimate foliage leaf branch; G.Part of foliage leaf branch, showing outer ligule, auricles and oral setae. (Photos A by J. B. Ni, B-C by X. Li and D-G by Y. H. Tong)

Diagnosis:Bambusaliangzhianais morphologically similar toB.funghomiiandB.sinospinosain branchlets on basal part of culm forming tough, sharp, curved thorns and relatively large culm leaf auricles, but differs in basal part of culm being straight, internodes, culm leaf sheath and sheath scar being glabrous, and culm leaf auricles being erect and obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, hirtellous on both sides and protruding from the sheath margin prominently.

Arborescent bamboo. Rhizome pachymorph, short-necked. Culms erect, 12-15 m tall, 6-12 cm in diameter, drooping at apex; internodes cylindric, slightly swollen at base, slightly flattened on one side above branches, 25-30 cm long, green, thinly white-powdery and tinged purplish when young, glabrous; wall 1.2-3 cm thick; nodes flat, glabrous; sheath scars raised, glabrous. Buds on culms ovate, with an oblique mucro at apex, prophyll ciliolate on the distal part of keels. Branches developing from 1st to 3rd node upwards, solitary on lower nodes, 3 to several at nodes of mid- to distal culm, the ones below 3-4 m curved downwards, with branchlets forming tough, sharp, curved thorns and densely interwoven, the ones at nodes of mid- to distal culm inclined at an angle of ca. 30 with the culm, the central one slightly dominant, 1.5-2 m long. Culm leaf sheaths tardily deciduous, leathery, 17.5-22 cm long, 6-13 cm wide at top, 21-26 cm wide at base, slightly white-powdery and ribbed in sicco abaxially, glabrous on both side, ciliolate on upper margin, apex broadly arched or centrally slightly projected, sometimes subtruncate, slightly oblique and asymmetrical; auricles large, obliquely ovate or ovate-oblong, erect, not reflexed, protruding from the sheath margin prominently, unequal, obviously wavy wrinkled, adnate to blade base, both surfaces hirtellous, margin with dense and curved setae that are up to 1.2 cm long, larger ones 2.5-3.5 cm long, 0.8-2 cm wide, smaller ones 1.0-2.5 cm long, 0.8-1.2 cm wide; ligules 3-5 mm tall, margin serrulate, shortly fimbriate, fimbria up to 5 mm long, easily deciduous; blades erect, green when fresh, ovate-triangular, 4.4-10.6×2.5-6.6 cm, base slightly narrowed and extending outward, connected with auricles, lower margin ciliolate, upper margin glabrous and involute, apex acuminate, adaxially sparsely brown or black hispidulous, more so at base, abaxially glabrous. Foliage leaves (5-)8-13(-17) per ultimate branch; sheaths glabrous, rarely hispidulous on upper part, ciliolate along outer margin; outer ligule obvious, ca. 0.5 mm high, with very short ciliola on margin; auricles elliptic, 0.8-1 mm wide, 0.3-0.5 mm high, oral setae white, up to 9 mm long, caducous; inner ligule subtruncate, short, ca. 0.2 mm tall, puberulous abaxially, margin serrulate and ciliolate; pseudo-petioles 1-1.5 mm long, puberulous at base adaxially, glabrous abaxially; blades lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, papery, 5-20×1.2-2.3 cm, glabrous on both sides, apex acuminate, base cuneate to obtuse, margins serrulate on both sides, secondary veins 5-7 pairs, transverse veins not seen. New shoots June-September. Inflorescence unknown.

Type: CHINA. Guangdong: Jiangmen City, Jianghai District, Baishuidai Park, 22°34′47″N, 113°6′33″E, elev. 54 m, 3 December 2021, N. H. Xia et al. LX101 (holotype: IBSC).

图2 良智簕竹Fig.2 Bambusa liangzhiana A.末级具叶小枝；B.具叶小枝局部，示外叶舌、叶耳及鞘口繸毛；C.特化为反曲且尖锐硬刺的小枝；D.秆芽及节；E.秆箨腹面，箭头分别示箨耳腹面和箨舌先端的毛被；F.秆箨背面.(崔丁汉绘) A.Ultimate foliage leaf branch; B.Part of foliage leaf branch, showing outer ligule, auricles and oral setae; C.Branchlets forming tough, sharp and curved thorns; D.Culm bud and node; E.Culm leaf, adaxial view, the arrows showing indumentum on adaxial surface of auricle and inner ligule margin; F.Culm leaf, abaxial view.(Drawn by Ding-Han Cui)

乔木状竹类；地下茎合轴丛生；秆直立，尾梢俯垂，高12～15 m，直径6～12 cm；节间圆筒形，基部稍鼓状隆起，分枝一侧稍凹，长25～30 cm，绿色，幼时略被白粉，无毛；秆壁厚1.2～3 cm；秆环不明显，无毛；箨痕隆起，无毛；秆芽卵形，先端具斜突尖，先出叶脊上部具短纤毛；分枝常自秆第1～3节开始，秆下部各节常仅具单分枝，中部和上部各节则为3至数个分枝，秆下部3～4 m的分枝向下弯曲，小枝常短缩为弯曲的锐利硬刺，并相互交织而成疏松状刺丛，秆中部和上部的分枝角度约30°，中央主枝略显粗长，长1.5～2 m。箨鞘迟落，革质，长17.5～22.0 cm，先端宽6～13 cm，基部宽21～26 cm，背面略带白粉，两面无毛，上部边缘具短纤毛，干时纵肋隆起，先端稍倾斜而呈不对称的宽拱形或稍呈山字形，有时近截平；箨耳显著，斜卵形或卵状长圆形，直立，不外翻，显著伸出箨鞘边缘，不相等，具波状皱褶，与箨片基部相连，两面被微糙硬毛，边缘密生弯曲繸毛，繸毛长达1.2 cm，大耳长2.5～3.5 cm，宽0.8～2.0 cm，小耳长1.0～2.5 cm，宽0.8～1.2 cm；箨舌高3～5 mm，边缘齿裂，具易脱落的流苏状短毛，毛长达5 mm；箨片直立，鲜时绿色，卵状三角形，长4.4～10.6 cm，宽2.5～6.6 cm，基部略作圆形收窄后即向两侧外延与而成箨耳，边缘下部具短纤毛，上部无毛，上部边缘内卷，先端渐尖，腹面疏生褐色或黑色小刺毛，基部较密，背面无毛。末级小枝具(5-)8-13(-17)叶；叶鞘背部无毛，稀上部被短硬毛，外缘一侧被短纤毛；外叶舌明显，高约0.5 mm，边缘具极短纤毛；叶耳椭圆形，宽0.8～1 mm，高0.3～0.5 mm，鞘口繸毛白色，长达9 mm，直伸，易脱落；叶舌近截形，低矮，高约0.2 mm，背面被微柔毛，边缘微齿裂并被极短的纤毛；假叶柄长1～1.5 mm，上面基部被微柔毛，背面无毛；叶片带状披针形至披针形，纸质，长5～20 cm，宽1.2～2.3 cm，两面无毛，先端渐尖，基部楔形至钝圆，两侧边缘均具细锯齿，次脉每边5-7条，小横脉未见；笋期6～9月；花枝未见。

模式标本：广东江门市江海区白水带公园，113°6′33″E，22°34′47″N，海拔54 m，2021年12月3日，夏念和等LX101(主模式，IBSC)。

分布及生境：目前仅见于江海区，常生长于路边、村落附近。

用途：笋可用于腌制酸笋，植于房屋周围可做围篱，竹竿可用作棚屋的横梁，或用来做竹排或简易竹桥等。

土名：簕竹(江海)。

词源：种加词“liangzhiana”来源于贾良智先生名字的汉语拼音，以纪念他对国产簕竹属的研究和中国科学院华南植物园竹园创建所作的巨大贡献。

讨论：该种与鸡窦簕竹(B.funghomiiMcClure)及车筒竹(B.sinospinosaMcClure)相近，三者均具有硬刺和相对较大的箨耳。该种与鸡窦簕竹的区别在于该种秆下部直立，节间无毛，箨鞘无毛，箨耳卵形或卵状长圆形，显著伸出箨鞘边缘，腹面被微糙硬毛，而鸡窦簕竹秆下部呈“之”字形曲折，下部节间密被纵行排列的暗棕色小刺毛，箨鞘背面基部至近中部疏生暗棕色刺毛，箨耳卵状长圆形至卵状披针形，不伸出箨鞘边缘，腹面或多或少被糙硬毛。该种与车筒竹的区别在于箨痕无毛，箨鞘无毛，箨耳直立，斜卵形或卵状长圆形，显著伸出箨鞘边缘，腹面被微糙硬毛，而车筒竹箨痕密被暗棕色刺毛，变无毛，箨鞘近底缘处密被暗棕色刺毛，箨耳常稍外翻，长圆形至倒卵形，不伸出箨鞘边缘，腹面常密被糙硬毛。三者的详细对比见表1。

表1 良智簕竹与鸡窦簕竹及车筒竹的形态比较