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老年人下楼梯行走髌股关节动态载荷与BMI相关性研究

2021-04-19何培东

哈尔滨体育学院学报 2021年2期
关键词:老年人

何培东

摘 要:目的:比较不同BMI老年人下楼梯行走髌股关节动态载荷并分析两者相关性。方法:正常、超重、肥胖三组受试者各14名完成下楼梯行走,采用Vicon三维动作捕捉系统与Kistler三维测力系统同步采集受试者行走时人体运动学与动力学数据。通过髌股关节力(PFJF)、股四头肌肌力(QF)、髌股关节应力(PFJS)、膝关节净力矩(KM)量化评定髌股关节动态载荷。结果:三组受试者髌股关节载荷指标变化曲线趋势一致,在单支撑初期与末期分别双峰值。相比于正常组,肥胖组PFJF、PFJS、QF、KM双峰值均显著增大(P<0.05),超重组PFJF、PFJS、QF、KM第一峰值显著增大(P<0.001);相比于超重组,肥胖组PFJF(P=0.030)、PFJS(P=0.008)、QF(P=0.038)、KM(P=0.046)第一峰值显著增大。BMI与PFJF、PFJS、QF、KM第一峰值(r>0.5, P<0.001)、第二峰值(r>0.6, P<0.001)均成正相关。结论: 随着BMI增大,老年人下楼梯行走在单腿支撑初期髌股关节动态载荷显著增加,建议老年人下楼梯时手持拐杖或楼梯行走,增大膝关节屈曲角度和躯干前倾幅度,减少髌股关节的动态载荷。

关键词:老年人;楼梯;髌股关节;生物力学;体重指数

中图分类号:G804

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1008-2808(2021)02-0089-08

Abstract:Objective: This study aimed to investigate the influence of BMI on dynamic patellofemoral joint load and the correlation between them among the elderly. Methods: Normal, overweight and obese participants (n=14, respectively) performed stair descent. The Vicon motion capture system and Kistler force platform were synchronized to collect the data of kinematics and kinetics during stair descent. The patellofemoral joint force(PFJF), patellofemoral joint stress(PFJS), quadriceps force( QF) and knee joint moment(KM) were used to assess the dynamic patellofemoral joint load. Results: The curves of dynamic patellofemoral joint load among three groups were similar, and the two peak values were observed during early and late stage of single stance. Compared with normal group, the two peaks of PFJF, PFJS, QF, KM increased significantly in obese group(P<0.05), and the first peaks increased in overweight group(P<0.001). Compared with overweight group, the first peak of PFJF(P=0.03), PFJS(P=0.008), QF(P=0.038), KM(P=0.046) increased significantly in obese group. The significant positive correlation were found between BMI and first peak(r>0.5, P<0.001), second peak(r>0.6, P<0.001) of dynamic patellofemoral joint load. Conclusions: With the increase of BMI, the dynamic load of the patellofemoral joint in the early stage of single-leg support for the elderly walking down the stairs is significantly increased. It is recommended that the elderly walk down the stairs with crutches or stairs to increase the knee joint flexion angle and the torso anterior inclination to reduce the patellofemoral Dynamic load of the hip joint.

Key words:Elderly;Stair; Patellofemoral joint;Biomechanics; BMI

截至2018年底我國60周岁及以上老年人口约2.49亿,占总人口数的17.9%,预计到2050年,老年人口总量将超过4亿,老龄化水平增至30%[1]。髌股关节病变是一种较多见的影响老年人日常生活质量的膝关节疾病,如髌股关节炎、髌股关节痛及髌骨退行性病变[2]。生物力学研究认为,下肢髌股关节病变的发生可能与运动中关节承受的生物机械负荷过载及其导致的关节运动轨迹异常有关。膝关节内部髌骨与股骨之间因接触而产生的压力为髌股关节力(patellofemoral joint force,PFJF),两者接触部位单位面积的PFJF称髌股关节应力(patellofemoral joint stress,PFJS),基于伸膝力矩与股四头肌有效力臂计算获知的股四头肌肌力(quadriceps force, QF)。运动过程中的动态PFJS、PFJS与QF能够较好地解释膝关节内部髌骨与股骨受力的关系,是评价髌股关节动态载荷较敏感的指标[3-4]。

楼梯行走是老年人日常生活中无法避免且具有挑战性的运动行为之一。……

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