ApilotdiscussiononthetheoryandmethodoftheSilkRoadresearchinChina

ZhouWeizhou(1)

TextualinvestigationonthestructureofLuntaiadministrationinTangDynasty

LiuZifan(9)

GeneralYiliandhisManchumemorialstothethrone

WuYuanfeng(18)

Abstract：After entering Shanhaiguan and establishing a unified national government in Beijing，the Qing Dynasty spent more than 100 years of unremitting efforts，finally unified the north and south of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang.In order to consolidate the unification and to strengthen the rule，General Yili was established in the 27th year of Qianlong (1762)，governing Xinjiang through its military administrative system.As a military and political leader of Xinjiang，General Yili’s responsibilities were very important.The Qing government also attached great importance to the selection and appointment of General Yili.The general was usually selected from Manchuria or Mongolia as well as from the Capital government and the Eight Banners.In the course of their official duties，they often wrote memorials in Manchu as required，and asked the Emperor for instructions，and reported problems，so a certain number of Manchu memorials were kept.These Manchu memorials written by the successive generals of Yili are rich in content，covering a wide range of aspects，including politics，military，economics，and culture，etc.They are the primary historical records with unreplaceable academic value.

Keywords：Yili；Generals；Government system；Frontiers；Manchu；Documents

ThechangesintheorganizationandpowerofXinjiangFarmers’Association

duringtheNationalGovernment

ChenYun(28)

Abstract：During the Nationalist Government，the Xinjiang Farmers Association was deeply influenced by both the Communist Party of China and Kuomintang，which caused the Farmers Association to experience a special period of development in social organization and political power.During the two stages of initiative and reorganizing，the Farmer Association continued to enrich its structure and to expand its powers.In the early period，the title of the association was various，and its function was merely to improve agriculture and take the role of local administration.In 1942，the association was reorganized into the Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Promotion Committee with a substantial staff and detailed structures，completely becoming an administrative agency.In the later period，due to the staff insufficiency，unsound organization，heavy funds allocation，and the changes in Xinjiang’s political situation，also ineffective in the guidance and promotion of agriculture and herding economies，the committee eventually was dismissed.However，the status and role that the Farmer Associations had played in the development of modern Xinjiang cannot be ignored.

Keywords：National Government Period；Xinjiang；Famer Association；Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Promotion Committee

TheImperialEdictofLuntai(LuntaiZhao)andthemanagementofEmperorWu

fortheWesternRegions

SunWenbo(37)

Abstract：Along with the battles between Han and Huns and the expansion of the Han Dynasty to the northwest，Chan-Yu (Huns) moved to the further northwest.In order to prevent Huns from taking over the kingdoms within the Western Region，Emperor Wu insisted to use troops for the Western regions.After defeating Yuan，Emperor Wu not only settled Tuntian (have garrison troops or peasants open up wasteland and grow crops) at Luntou，but also initially established a management system in the Western Regions of "Jiuquan Duwei-Shizhe，Xiaowei Tuntian-Shizhe".In the fourth year of Zhenghe，Li Guangli was defeated and surrendered to Huns.After he surrendered to the Cheshi，it sparked controversy that whether to continue the management (of Han Dynasty) in the Western Regions.Emperor Wu then issued Imperial Edict of Luntai (Luntai Zhao)，detailed the gains and losses，and modified the policy.During the Zhaodi period，Huo Guang still implemented the contraction strategy for the Western Regions，consolidating the frontier fortress and stationing Yixun in the fields，strengthening the controlling and defending over the Western Regions.During Emperor Xuan.he stated "Story of Emperor Wu (followed policies of Emperor Wu).So，Zheng-Ji strengthened the Tuntian and irrigations，and defeated Huns at Cheshi several times.Then Emperor Wu’s strategy began to resume in the Western Regions.Taking the chance of King Rizhu surrendered to the Han，Zheng Ji established the "Xiyu-Duhufu" with Luntai and Quli as the center.He also Tuntian at Cheshi.Emperor Yuan established Wuji-Xiaowei at Cheshi，and the management became more consolidated.In the late Western Han Dynasty，the governing focused on the Western Regions and eventually made the city-states in the Western Region belong to the Han governing.Behind this，it reflects the inheritance of Emperor Wu’s strategy，including the reference for the analysis of the gains and losses of the Luntai-Zhao.Ban-Gu regarded the success of the Western Regions as "Emperor Zhao and Xuan inherited Emperor Wu".

Keywords：Annexing the kingdoms in the Western Region；Luntou Tuntian；Imperial Edict of Luntai (Luntai-Zhao)；Cheshi；Story of Emperor Wu

TheStrategyof"cuttherightarmoffHuns’"andthemanagementoftheWesternRegions

intheHanDynasty

WangHaiandXuNan(49)

Abstract：It is inaccurate to acknowledge that "cut the right arm off Huns’" is the national strategy of the Han Dynasty."Biao He-Xi，Lie Sijun (Four prefectures established in the Hexi Corridor)" It does not mean the realization of the strategy.It is only a preliminary tasks.Nevertheless，the key to the strategies includes "taking thirty-six state-kingdoms"，controlling the Tarim Basin，severely defeating the Huns in the Western Regions，and allying Wusun as "Kundi (brothers)" and from both east and west attacking Huns out of Tianshan-Beilu.Tianshan-Beilu is the channel through which the Huns controlled the Western Regions and an important trade route connecting Central and Western Asia.In the reign of Emperor Wu，Huo Qubing，Li Guangli，and Ma Tong marched into the Tianshan Mountains，and when Emperor Xuan，"General Pu Lei and Wu Sun should attack the Pu Lei Ze of Huns; During Emperor Ming，Dou Gu and others "strucked the Baishan (white mountain)，gained the Yiwu，and defeated Cheshi"，which should be regarded as a fundamental strategic practice.Since Emperor An，the Han court "wanted to close Yumen and Yangguan" and "abandoned Liangzhou"，then the management at the Western Regions had a turning point leading to the strategy of "cut the right arm off Huns" could not be implemented.The rise of the "Xizhou" forces brought a negative impact on the internal affairs of Han court.The Han Dynasty had a strategy of "cut the left arm off Huns’" in the northeast frontier.In the second year of Yuanshou，Huo Qubing "battled in Juyan and Qilian Mountains".At the fourth year，he was " appointed as load of Langjuxu mountain，and facing south，held a ceremony at Guyan".His soldiers first arrived at Tianshan and then at Xing’anling，reflecting the desire of Emperor Wu’s expectation of cutting both arms off Huns，relying on the magnificent overall strategic plan of attacking the nomads on the Mongolian plateau by encircling the Western and the Northeast regions.

Keywords：Right arm；Hexi；Thirty Six states；Tianshan-Beilu；Left arm；National strategy

Pursuingahighandlong-termambition：TheenvoysoftheWesternRegions

intheHandynastyandthefrontieradministration

LiSi(59)

Abstract：In the historical process of the Han dynasty who tried to implement diversified administrations with ethnic interactions and regional governance in the Western Regions，the important role that the envoys had played should not be overlooked.The envoys of the Han Dynasty pursued a high and long-term ambition in their lifetime，reflecting a vigorous and enterprising spirit of the times and social morality.The Western Regions of the Han dynasty presented a complex situation of "three interrupts and three links"，reflecting the differences in the concepts and specific methods of management for the Western Regions between the West and East Han dynasties.How to formulate and implement relevant policies according to local conditions will test the administrative wisdom and management skills of every Western Region Governor.The up and down of life and historical evaluation of these envoys of the Western Regions in the Han dynasty are also worth pondering.

Keywords：Western Han dynasty；Eastern Han dynasty；The Western Regions；Envoys；Frontiers

On"Onemarquisinthenorthwest"：Strategicconsiderationonthepolicy-making

ontheWesternRegionsintheHandynasty

WangZijin(67)

Abstract：In the management of frontier affairs in the Han dynasty，the "Northern Front" was prioritized concerned due to the strong pressure from Huns.After successfully controlled Hexi，the Han culture expanded into the Western Regions，and the demand for expansion of the "Northwestern Front" received unprecedented attention.On the other hand，immigrants moved south during the Han dynasty，it was a new stage for the development of Jiangnan and the national economic center began to shift to the southeast.The prosperity of the South Ocean Waterway for the external transportation had also made the strategic path to the southeast oceanic out regions more important.The so-called "One general in the southeast"，" One marquis in the northwest" and "Marquis for the north"，"General for the southeast" reflect the relationship between the two strategic directions.In the early years of the Eastern Han dynasty，the policies for the Western Regions changed.After Ban Chao "Ding Yuan (stabilizing frontier regions"，the situation has changed again.

Keywords：Han Dynasty；Northwestern frontier；One general for the southeast；One marquis for the northwest；Han Emperor Guangwu；Ban Chao；Ma Yuan

PearlsandJingjiao(Nestorianism)：Aninvestigationcenteredontheimageofthecross

YaoChongxin(81)

Abstract：Many religions incorporate pearls into their image system，giving them special religious implications.Through this study，it has been confirmed that the Persian church seemed first to incorporate pearls into its sacred decor themes，and then pearl elements began to appear in Persian Christian art.This tradition was inherited，developed by the Nestorians who later entered Persia and finally made the "pearl" and the "Maltese cross" in a "fixed match"，forming the unique style of "Syrian-Persian hybrid cross" specifically used for Jing Jiao (Nestorianism).This has spread widely in Oriental Jingjiao propagation areas，which has been evidenced by numerous images of this cross found in archaeological discovery.The clear correlation between pearls/pearl elements and Jingjiao art is also clarified.To the west，this tradition，to some extend，had an influence on Byzantium，inspiring the use of pearls and pearl elements in Western Christianity and Christian art.The pearl element that appeared in the Jingjiao decor art is the result of various causes.While becoming a decorative element of the Jingjiao art，the symbolic meaning of the pearl element gradually emerged.Emphasizing the symbolic meaning of the pearls among Christianity may be related to the influence of Gnostic religions，especially of Mandaeism，and the initial influence might first have appeared in Eastern Persia.Therefore，when observing the symbolic implications of Christian pearls，we may have to fully consider the two dimensions of "Persia" and "Gnostic religion".Religious symbolism is inseparable from religious material culture.This article attempts to open an observing window for an effective study on the formation of religious symbolism.

Keywords：Jingjiao art；pearl elements；cross image；Persia；Gnostic religion；

Mandaeism；

Christianity

Recognize"Bo-Li(glass)"throughtheBuddhistscriptures

——AlsoontheinfluenceofIndiangemologyonancientChina

ZhengYanyan(101)

Abstract："玻璃-Bo-Li (Glass)" is the transliteration of the ancient colloquial Indian "phaiha" or Pali "phaika".The term was introduced into China through Buddhism possibly during the period of Three Kingdoms.In the early days，it was written as "Poli (颇梨) "，"Poli (颇黎)"，and "Boli (玻瓈)".The writing of "Boli (玻璃)" began to appear in the Tang dynasty.It originally referred to the colorless and transparent crystal-like gemstones，and later also referred to rubies，sapphires，spinels and other bright and transparent colored gemstones.It was not until the Song Dynasty that it began to be used to call silicate artificial materials that we call "玻璃glass" today.Today’s man-made glass is usually called "Liuli (琉璃)" in ancient times，but "Liuli" gradually became the name of glazed pottery products in the Song and Yuan dynasties.The transparent properties of man-made glass and gem "glass" are similar，so the name of "Liuli" gradually changed to "Boli (玻璃)".From the use and spread of "玻璃 (Boli)" and "琉璃(Liuli)"，we can see how Indian gemological knowledge，using Buddhism as a carrier，permeated into ancient China.

Keywords：玻璃Boli (glass)；琉璃Liuli (glazed pottery)；crystal-like gemstones；Indian gemology；Buddhist scriptures

BuddhistRockPaintingsintheUpperIndusRegionandTheirRelationship

withAncientXinjiangBuddhistArt

(Italian)SerenaAolina，TranslatedbyZhengYanyan(114)

DiscoveryandResearchonSeima-TurbinoRemains

LiuXiang(129)

SomethoughtsonSeima-TurbinoRemains：From"SeimaTurbinoCulture

andPrehistoricSilkRoad"

ShaoHuiqiu(141)

TextualexaminationontheUyghurinscriptionsofthebooknotesnewlydiscovered

fromtheCave10ofTuyugou，Turpan

LiGangandZhangHailong(152)

Abstract：Several Uyghur inscriptions are discovered at the Cave 10 (K10) A and B on a high platform in the middle of the western district of Tuyugou Grottoes in Turpan.The interpretation and publication of these Uyghur inscriptions are not only significant for the study of Tuyugou’s history，culture，language，and art，but also provides valuable documents for the study of Buddhist cave temple art.

Keywords：Tuyugou；Cave No.10；Uyghur inscriptions of book notes；Interpretation

ThenewdevelopmentoftheresearchontheXinjiangeconomichistory——Areview

of"researchoftheXinjiangagricultureandherdingHistory"

ZhaoHaixia(165)