罗熠琳 李淑华

(中国人民公安大学国家安全学院 北京 100038)

The Evolution and Enlightenment of U.S. Intelligence Policy Since the Cold War—From the Perspective of the Practice of Transparency and Confidentiality in Intelligence Work

Luo Yilin Li Shuhua

(School of National Security of People's Public Security University of China,Beijing 100038 )

Abstract: [Purpose/Significance] This article combs the evolution of American intelligence policy since the Cold War, and analyzes the practice of confidentiality and transparency of intelligence work, so as to complement and improve domestic research on American intelligence policy, and provide useful ideas for our country's intelligence policy. [Method/Process] Using historical analysis and scientific induction, this article analyzes the intelligence policies of the four presidents of the United States since the Cold War, studies the main content and characteristics of intelligence policies from the perspective of the practice of intelligence work transparency and confidentiality, and summarizes the general laws of US intelligence policies. [Result/Conclusion] A good intelligence policy is a policy choice that meets the needs of national security; the value of transparency in intelligence work is significant and needs to be considered in the intelligence policy; grasping the interactive relationship between transparency and confidentiality can achieve better development of the intelligence community; our country's intelligence work can use transparency as an entry point, and strive to achieve leapfrog development of intelligence work.

Keywords:intelligence; intelligence policy; information transparency; information confidentiality； American

0 引 言

冷战结束后，美国成为世界上唯一的超级大国，国内关注的焦点从战争转移到美国自身的发展。与此同时，美国情报界也进入全新的发展时期[1]，摈弃了战时情报工作绝对保密的思想，出于对民主知情权的考虑，情报工作透明的理念开始萌芽。情报工作透明，是情报界政策，制度，运作方式的透明。从克林顿政府到特朗普政府，美国的情报政策经历了情报工作透明思想萌芽，情报工作保密思想回归，情报工作透明思想兴起，以及情报工作透明道路受阻四个时期。本文以美国政府的发展为脉络，对其进行一一介绍。

1 克林顿政府：情报工作透明思想萌芽

克林顿政府没有关于情报工作透明和保密过于激进的做法和立场。但是值得注意的是，克林顿总统倡导政府开放性，解密机密文件，从侧面反映出克林顿政府的情报工作透明意识，战时保密的思想逐步得到改善。这一时期，是情报工作透明思想的萌芽时期，情报政策的主要内容如下：

1.1确立情报优先权，重申对《信息自由法》的承诺冷战结束后，美国成为1990年代恐怖分子发动的一系列袭击的目标。克林顿总统将打击恐怖主义列为重中之重，收集情报并追踪逃犯。克林顿发布了第35号总统决策指令[2]，以在冷战后的局势中确立情报优先权。克林顿总统肯定情报的重要性，公众对“情报”一词有了更多的感知和理解。

1993年10月4日，克林顿……