词汇短语园地

1. contain  vt.  包含;包括;装有;容纳

The book contains twenty pictures.

这本书含有20幅图。

The classroom can contain 60 people.

这个教室可容纳60人。

比较：contain和include的区别

（1）contain侧重所含的量与成分。

The basket contains a variety of fruits.

这个篮子里装有各种水果。

This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.

这种饮料不含任何酒精。

（2）include侧重于对比整体与部分，指某整体包含或容纳某部分。

The money I gave you included Xiao Zhang’s.

我给你的钱里包括了给小张的钱。

This dictionary is 100 yuan， postage included.

这本词典连邮费共一百元。

（3）include常以including（名词或代词前）或included（名词或代词后）的形式出现在短语中，用来举例、解释或补充说明。

There are ten of us here， including three girls.

= There are ten of us here， three girls included.

Everybody has something to say， me included.

= Everybody has something to say， including me.

2. design  vt. & n.  设计

The experiment is designed to test the new medicine.

实验的目的是试验新药。

Who designed the Water Cube？

谁设计了水立方？

This building is a bad design.

这栋楼是一个失败的设计。

design for  为……设计

be designed for/to do  专为……而做（设置）

by design  故意地;有意地

3. create  vt.  创造;发明

An artist should create beautiful things.

一名艺术家应该创造美丽的东西。

The government plans to create more jobs for young people.

政府计划为年轻人创造更多的就业机会。

比较：discover，create，invent和find的区别

discover指发现，发现的事物是本来存在但没人知道的;create指创造，创造新的事物;invent指发明，通过研究制造出从前没有的东西;find指找到、发现，强调找到某物的结果，不强调过程。

4. shorten  vt.  缩短

The days shorten in November in this country.

在这个国家，白天在十一月会变短。

Smoking can shorten your life.

吸烟会缩短你的寿命。

5. breakdown  n.  故障;失敗;（身体）垮掉

I don’t know how to deal with the network breakdown.

我不知道如何处理网络故障。

He couldn’t work after his breakdown.

他病倒以后，就不能工作了。

break down  出故障;坏掉;失败;垮掉;把……分成若干部分;分解

The machine has broken down.

这台机器出故障了。

Our car broke down on the motorway.

我们的汽车在高速公路上抛锚了。

Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.

双方谈判失败了。

Each lesson is broken down into several units.

每一课都分成几单元。

Sugar and starch are broken down in the stomach.

糖和淀粉在胃里被分解。

6. disadvantage  n.  不利因素;障碍;不便之处

There are disadvantages to the plan.

这个计划有诸多不利因素。

What is the disadvantage of using water power？

使用水能有何弊端？

常用搭配：

to one’s disadvantage  对某人不利

7. defence  n.  保护;防御;保卫

defence后接入侵者或造成危害者用against;若其后接被保护者用of。

A thick coat is a good defence against the cold.

一件厚外套足可以御寒。

People used to build strong walls round their towns as a defence against enemies.

人们从前在城镇四周修筑城墙来抵御敌人。