陈蕴真 江恩慧 李军华

摘 要：回顾欧美典型大河的治河史，有助于治黄工作放眼长远、科学决策，也有助于找准当下需要关注的问题。分析莱茵河、密西西比河和科罗拉多河的治河史，显示欧美治河已走过筑坝渠化大开发、治污和生态保护三个阶段。作为先发国家，欧美治污成功的关键是科技创新推动流域实现高质量发展，但过度开发已给可持续发展留下难题。治黄事业要实现跨越式发展，必须实施流域社会经济、水资源和水生态的一体化管理。建议成立黄河保护委员会，作为治黄系统工程的最高决策机构。加强流域发展战略研究，开发多目标决策模型，全面提高河流的动态监测能力，加大“产学研用”联合攻关力度，以便开展高效的跨领域循证决策，提高适应性管理水平，创新符合生态文明理念的治黄工程。

关键词：黄河流域管理;莱茵河;密西西比河;科罗拉多河;治河史;高质量发展

Abstract：A review of the history of river managements of large rivers in Europe and America can help to take a long-term view， make scientific decisions and identify major current issues in the Yellow River management. The history of managements of Rhine， Mississippi and Colorado rivers show that developed countries have gone through three stages of the development of damming and channelizetion， pollution control and ecological protection. As first developed countries， the key to the success of pollution control is high-quality development of river basins that has been promoted by scientific and technological innovations， but over-developed has left many problems for sustainable development. For the Yellow River management， in order to meet the goal of leapfrogging， integrated management of basin society， economy， water resources and water ecology must be implemented， with the Yellow River Protection Commission as the highest decision-making body. Researches on basin development strategy， multi-objective decision-making models， comprehensive river dynamic monitoring and joint efforts of “industry-university-research-application” to tackle key problems were necessary to carry out efficient cross-sector evidence-based decision-making， improve adaptive management skills and expedite innovations in sustainable engineering.

Key words： Yellow River basin management; Rhine River; Mississippi River; Colorado River; history of river management;high-quality development

新中國治黄70年，取得了辉煌成就。但气候变化的高度不确定性和中国社会经济快速发展，给治黄带来巨大挑战。2019年习近平总书记在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展座谈会上的讲话，标志着“生态保护”列入主要治黄目标、治黄要实施跨越式发展。这为黄河治理提出了更多、更高的目标。

近两百年来，欧美国家治河走“先破坏再治理”路线，已进入河流修复、生态保护阶段。应用系统思维，从科技进步、社会经济发展和治河活动互动的角度，回顾和分析欧美治河史案例，有助于我们研判大势，主动谋划，发现问题，防范风险。……