张哲 任明迅 向文倩 宋希强

摘 要：兰科（Orchidaceae）植物广布于除两极和极端沙漠地区外的各种陆地生态系统，包括5个亚科800多属28 000多种。东南亚地区兰科植物种数约占世界的1/3，是兰科植物生物多样性热点区域之一。通过查阅文献及书籍等资料，该文系统整理了东南亚兰科植物物种种类及其扩散演化历史，并对其生活习性和传粉系统进行了归类。结果表明：（1）东南亚兰科植物8 855种，分属5亚科17族26亚族240属;（2）主要生活型为附生的有127属6 000种以上，地生97属2 000种以上，腐生13属约100种，藤本4属40余种;（3）根据整理出的东南亚79个属的兰科植物传粉系统发现，有44个属含有自动自交的物种，具报酬物的传粉系统有花粉（仅见于拟兰亚科）、芳香类物质（仅见于香荚兰亚科）和花蜜（5个亚科均有）等报酬物类型。欺骗性传粉系统广泛存在于各个亚科，包括食源性欺骗、性拟态、繁殖地拟态和信息素拟态等类型。东南亚兰科植物在物种、生活习性及传粉系统都展现出极高的多样性，对这些生物学特点的总结将为兰科植物的保育提供一定的理论基础和本底资料。

关键词：东南亚，兰科植物，物种多样性，传粉生物学，保育

中图分类号：Q949.71

文献标识码：A

文章编号：1000-3142（2021）10-1683-16

Abstract：Orchidaceae，widely distributed in various terrestrial ecosystems except for Antarctica，Arctic and extreme desert areas，comprises more than 28 000 species in more than 800 genera of 5 subfamilies. As one of the hotspots of orchid biodiversity in the world，Southeast Asia accounted for about 1/3 of all orchid species. In this paper，we reviewed the species diversity，evolution and dispersal history，as well as classified the habits and pollination systems of orchid species in Southeast Asia. The results are as follows：（1） A total of 8 855 orchid species，which belongs to 5 subfamilies，17 tribes，26 subtribes and 240 genera in Southeast Asia，were enumerated and evaluated. （2） The main habits of orchids in Southeast Asia include more than 6 000 epiphytic species of 127 genera，more than 2 000 terrestrial species of 97 genera，about 100 saprophytic species of 13 genera and more than 40 vine species of 4 genera. （3） According to the pollination system of 79 genera of Orchidaceae in Southeast Asia，44 genera contained automatic self-pollination species. Rewarding pollination systems involve the forms of pollen （only found in subfamily Apostasioideae），fragrance oils （only found in subfamily Vanilloideae） and nectar （found in all five subfamilies） as rewards. Additionally，deceptive pollination systems exist widely in all five subfamilies，including food-deceptive system，sexual mimicry，shelter mimicry，oviposition-site mimicry and pheromone mimicry. Orchidaceae in Southeast Asia show a high diversity of species，habits and pollination systems. The summary of orchid biological characteristics provides some theoretical foundations and context information for the conservation.

Key words：Southeast Asia，Orchidaceae，species diversity，pollination biology，conservation

蘭科（Orchidaceae）植物广布于除两极和极端沙漠地区外的各种陆地生态系统，是被子植物中与菊科并列的最大科，有800多属28 000多种，约占世界维管束植物总数的10%（Joppa et al.，2011）。目前的研究显示，兰科植物可能起源于早白垩纪的澳大利亚地区，此时非洲、印度和马达加斯加已与南极洲和澳大利亚分离，而澳大利亚和南美洲通过南极洲相连（Givnish et al.，2015，2016）。……