APP下载

未来社区到底长什么样

2021-01-06

文化交流 2021年11期
关键词:试点社区建设

浙江未来社区建设正在如火如荼地推进,首批和第二批、第三批创建试点大部分项目地块已出让或开始区块建设,进展快的如杭州萧山区瓜沥七彩社区、拱墅区瓜山社区等都已投入使用。

2021年以来,浙江省更是把打造未来社区排上了重要日程,2021年11月1日至2日,杭州市城乡风貌整治提升(未来社区建设)工作领导小组办公室组织召开省级第四批城镇未来社区创建项目申报方案市级评审会,杭州市共24个项目参与此次创建申报工作,包括:上城区小营巷社区、滨江区彩虹社区、萧山区扬帆社区、临平区杭海路社区等。

目前,省内已有杭州、宁波、嘉兴、湖州、温州、台州、丽水这几个城市开展第四批未来社区创建申报方案评审,仅这几个城市涉及项目就达到70个。

从参与创建申报方案评审的项目来看,第四批未来社区试点的规模也不会小,不乏一些区位条件优越、区域规划起点高的项目,如杭州评审的萧山区扬帆社区,就拟选址于杭州未来总部社区一期核心区内。

需要注意的是,即便是已经开展过方案评审的城市,后续数量也可能增加。如宁波住建发布的相关信息中就提到,宁波将分批次开展第四批省级未来社区项目申报方案专家评审工作,其中首次评审会涉及到13个项目。

那么,这些未来社区落地会怎样?实际的未来社区是怎样呢?又将怎样改变我们的生活?将给老百姓带来怎样的“未来生活”?

“百花齐放”

规划伊始,浙江省发改委相关负责人曾多次表示,未来社区试点建设要在达到基本要求的前提下,争取“百花齐放”。

目前已经有多个小区出台了改造初步方案,从方案来看,各个小区因情况不同改造方向也不同,每个试点都有新创意。

在杭州上城区始版桥社区展览馆,该社区的原住民听了展览馆负责人的介绍后,心情激动。“以后这里是一个三层的循环菜场,屋顶种菜,中间卖菜,底层处理垃圾,回收利用资源。”展览馆负责人挥动着激光笔,在沙盘上将未来社区的設计理念、每个场景的落位,乃至装修、户型等详细情况娓娓道来。

“未来社区秉承以人为本,好与不好,最终的评价者是居民。所以我们经常组织这样的活动,向今后在这里居住的人们征求意见。”杭州市上城区望江指挥部总指挥裘华君说。

全民参与、汇集众智的理念贯穿了始版桥未来社区建设的整个过程。始版桥社区一开始就用阳光征迁、圆桌议事会等机制来保证拆迁的公平,现在则通过未来社区开放日,邀请原住民参观并提建议。“始版桥社区人员构成较复杂,阳光透明的沟通,有利于形成建设合力。”

瓜山未来社区则从城中村蜕变成杭州最大的租赁型社区,包括人才公寓、上云街区、办公创业区域、民宿等多种业态。系统化的改造主要集中体现在建筑、景观、市政、垃圾处理、监控安防上,将打造成独具运河韵味的工业历史风貌区、极具归属感的智慧网谷配套居住区、青年人才向往的创业创新活力区、智能化国际化新青年生活生态区“四区融合”的全国城中村改造样板。

西湖区之江社区作为新建的未来社区,将在建设时以生态化为导向,推进光建一体化+集中供热(供冷)+海绵城市 +垃圾分类和就地处理+节能建筑+立体绿化的有机结合,有效提升可再生能源比重和能源资源利用效率,实现绿色发展。打造文化花园(雨水花园)+邻里中心+社区共享农场+学校+立体交通(人—物—车分流)+高架空层的大面积实体共享空间,打造空中光伏风雨连廊+大平台+地下通道的全方位社区步行系统。

宁波市的白鹤社区致力于打造延古续今、一脉流芳的白鹤“延芳里、天空城”未来社区,试图探索TOD核心空间创新,践行智慧低碳,引领城市生活新方式;创新社区养老模式,共享全龄服务,打造宜居社区新典范。

“百花齐放”不仅体现在项目推进的方式上,还融入到设计的细节中。

不少试点社区是拆迁改建项目,有着厚重的历史记忆,为了“记得住过去”,各地在未来社区设计和建设中都力求融入当地历史文化特点,实现实体记忆和文脉记忆的有机统一。

在嘉兴市南湖区甪里社区的设计方案中,有一条独特的文化生态长廊。这条长廊与东塔寺遗址公园形成互动,结合公共滨水带、契合山谷形态,将滨水建筑打造得错落有致,再现了山谷水巷特色景观。整条长廊分为三段,西段是人文历史花园,用现代设计传承中华传统文化;中段是承接过去与未来的红创广场,为居民提供多样化活动的舞台;东段的运动活力社区花园,则是健康生活方式的空间载体。

这些社区都明确一点:房子是用来住的,未来社区一定不是高标准高规格的豪华小区,而是面向普通人适宜生活的小区。

“新事物新标准”

在浙江省未来社区“139”布局中,未来建筑是一个重要场景,看得见的未来,正融入充满创新感的设计中。

在丽水市莲都区灵山社区,空中花园将住宅楼包裹在一片绿意中。在住宅楼东西两侧的房间外,三个方向各悬飘出3.6米的下沉阳台,有50至60厘米的覆土,可以种植绿植,这些绿植呈“U”字型将房间包围,让人仿佛置身于森林之中。而住宅楼中间的房间虽然只有一个方向的阳台,也布局了适当的绿化,让立体绿色建筑更具整体感。

“丽水是个大花园,社区是个小花园,每幢建筑又是一座微花园,从而构成了一个立体的、有层次的花园城市。”丽水市发改委相关负责人陈洪军说。

几乎每个试点社区的负责人都会用“新事物”来形容未来社区。他们几乎都经历了从无从下手的一筹莫展,到摸着石头过河的小心翼翼,再到水到渠成的豁然开朗。与之相伴的是取得规划、管理、资金平衡等方面的重要破题。

《浙江省未来社区试点创建评价指标体系(试行)》中,设置了33项约束性和引导性指标,以满足未来社区内涵要求为底线。

在萧山区瓜沥七彩社区的规划中,邻里中心公交TOD综合体引人注目。这是该社区为盘活存量资源、“织补”社区功能想出的点子。浙江省印发的《关于高质量加快推进未来社区试点建设工作的意见》创新突破政策供给,为各试点打破“条条框框”指明了方向。按照《意见》中“集约高效利用空间”的指引,七彩社区通过土地混合出让方式,复合开发原有公交站,打造符合老百姓生活习惯的社区文化生活综合体。该综合体一楼是公交首末站,二楼以上则用于社区公益服务、文化康养及商业运营等,在提高土地集约利用效率的同时,满足周边居民多样化的生活需求。

未來社区的管理模式由原来区域内单元式管理转变为全域整体管理,范围更大,事务更多,也对服务水平提出了更高的要求。如何在未来社区“基本物业零收费”的要求下,实现管理水平和服务水平的提升,同时降低物业成本?经过实践探索发现,通过技术加持,实现“平台+管家”物业服务模式,成为了有效的解决方式。

实际上,技术助力从试点建设阶段已经开始。未来社区中的CIM(城市信息模型)平台,以数据为核心,驱动社区建设,已经在支撑社区的管理工作。CIM平台不仅可以通过三维模型展现社区设计方案,还可以通过可视化实现对施工现场的精细化管控,从而大大节约管理成本。

社区运营的提升则可以通过运营商搭建的未来社区智慧服务平台实现。围绕未来社区“三化九场景”的要求,未来社区的智慧服务平台依托云端城市大脑、社区平台中脑和居民终端小脑联动,整合多种产业满足政府数字治理、社区智能管理、居民美好生活的需求。

通过“平台+管家”的物业服务模式,提升管理、服务水平,打造以人为本的数字化未来社区,这样的场景在越来越多的试点落地并成为现实。

未来社区目前还处于试点阶段,要想全面推广,能基本实现资金平衡是一个重要的保障。当前大部分试点社区都是对老旧小区的改造更新和前期拆除、搬迁都需要投入大笔资金,之后,合理提高地块开发强度,通过地上地下增量面积限价出售出租成为实现资金平衡的重要方式。

在未来社区建设指标体系下,始版桥社区九号地块容积率从2.9调到了3.5,增加的容积率主要用于配套社区服务和社区商业,为社区增加了养老、幼托等业态的用地空间,兼顾居民居住体验和盈利能力。

在实现资金平衡方面,更多的试点社区探索出切实可行的路径。湖州市南浔区頔塘社区就以绿色融资的方式从银行获得了开发资金,投入到未来社区的建设中。政府有为和市场有效双管齐下,为未来社区建设提供了有借鉴意义的可行方案。

“未来社区建设呈螺旋式上升。”杭州市上城区望江指挥部副总指挥鲁军负责始版桥未来社区建设的各项事务,看着地块上热火朝天的桩基工程,他对未来充满信心:“突破一系列梗阻后,离成功就不远了。”

营造人文氛围

未来社区建设的“终极目标”是什么?浙江省发改委相关负责人给出了答案:作为城市新型功能单元,未来社区规划建设的目的是为今后构建未来城市、未来社会打好基底、筑牢基础单元。

在规划建设中打破重重藩篱的首批试点已经在实践中淬炼出经验,但尚不足以支撑未来社区建设从单个社区延伸到整座城市这项“大工程”。在已经公布的未来社区建设第二批试点名单中,除更新改造类和规划新建类以外,还增加了乡村类和全域类试点,在更多类型上对未来社区建设进行探索。

浙江省发展规划研究院未来社区研究首席专家柴贤龙认为,选择第二批试点的原则、指标体系基本上与第一批一致,但更加注重未来社区对主要发展平台建设的支撑作用,“比如,正在开展的杭州城西科创大走廊全域未来社区建设规划,就是未来社区进一步向未来城市、未来社会推进的大胆探索”。

与试点建设不同,打造未来城市、未来社会更需要考虑全域规划,同时衡量城市能级、居民意愿、改造迫切性、资金平衡难易程度等要素,分批推进。未来社区建设理念新、要求高,让有限的未来社区连点成片,尽可能辐射城市更大面积这一点至关重要。解决这个问题,就要回到未来社区建设的初衷。

清华大学建筑学院教授毛其智认为,未来社区的内涵不仅在于居住环境,还在于人文氛围。生活在同一个社区的人们对自己的社区有着高度认同感,大家愿意互相扶持,为创造社区的美好未来而共同努力,这正是建设未来社区的初衷。

毋庸置疑,营造更加浓厚的人文氛围是未来社区迈向全域的关键。“在规划中,对公共区域、配套设施的开发要有前瞻性,要考虑到跨社区的人际关系,提早布局甚至留白。”浙江省发改委相关负责人表示,未来社区的开放性不只是“无围墙”,还要营造一种开放的“人际关系”,辐射带动周边区域,“有越来越多的人适应并乐于生活在未来社区,接下来的建设推进才会事半功倍”。

针对全域未来社区的建设,浙江也在未雨绸缪,在原来针对试点建设的政策基础上制定更具推广价值的新政策。无论是对老旧小区全拆重建、部分拆建还是对比较新的小区进行场景改造,都将发挥政府引导作用,坚持市场化运作,深化、完善、推广未来社区产业联盟,面向央企、国企、民资、外资开放,让相关企业以一个整体参与到未来社区建设运营中。在未来社区建设中,也将以“最多改一次”为原则,降低成本,减少对老百姓的重复影响。

作为老旧小区改造的高级形态、建设美好家园的浙江方案,浙江的未来社区眼光放得更为长远,正如浙江省发改委相关负责人所说,“浙江的未来社区建设要经得起时间的考验”。

What Do Future Communities Look Like?

As Zhejiang’s development of future communities goes in full swing, land rights transfer for most of the first three batches of the pilot projects has been completed; construction on some has begun, and for a few others, such as Qicai Community in Hangzhou’s Xiaoshan district, and Guashan Community in Hangzhou’s Gongshu district, have been put into operation.

Now, the fourth batch is on its way. Since 2021, the building of “future communities” has been put high on the official agenda in Zhejiang. The cities of Hangzhou, Ningbo, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Lishui have all started the application and evaluation process, with a total of 70 projects involved, although it should be noted that even for these cities that have already conducted program reviews, the number of projects may increase.

What will these future communities look like? How will they change our lives? And what kind of “future life” will they bring to people? The preliminary plans and designs of many future community projects have shown diverse ideas and features.

At the Shibanqiao Community Exhibition Hall in Hangzhou’s Shangcheng district, expectant local residents of the current community, from which a new future community will be built, listened to a guide introducing the project. “In the future, there will be a three-story recycling market, with vegetables growing on the roof, vegetable vendors in the middle, and garbage disposal and recycling on the ground floor.” Waving a laser pointer on a model, the person in charge of the exhibition hall described in detail the design concept of the project, the location of each scenario, and even the decoration styles.

“Future communities are people-oriented, and the ultimate judge on what’s good and what’s is the residents,” said Qiu Huajin, who heads the redevelopment department of the Wangjiang area in Shangcheng district. “That’s why we often organize tours like this to solicit opinions from people who will live here in the future.”

In Gongshu district, Guashan Community has been transformed from an urban village into the largest rental community in Hangzhou, including apartments for talents, office buildings, entrepreneurship areas, homestays, among others. Systematic redevelopment efforts of the original community can be found in its architecture, landscaping, municipal engineering, garbage disposal and public security.

The construction of the new Zhijiang Community in Hangzhou’s Xihu district will be ecological-oriented to effectively increase usage of renewable energy and improve energy resource utilization efficiency, eventually realizing green development. In Ningbo city’s Baihe Community, it is hoped that the transit-oriented development (TOD) model will help innovate the utilization of housing space, bring in a smart and low-carbon lifestyle, and introduce comprehensive services for people of all ages.

Since quite a few future community projects will be built on old communities which will be either demolished or redeveloped, it is important that memories of the past be retained. In the planned design for Luli Community in Jiaxing city’s Nanhu district, a unique cultural and ecological corridor will be set up, with a cultural and historical park in the west section, a public square for public events in the middle section and a sports park in the east.

These communities have clearly shown that houses are for living, and future communities are not luxuries, but livable places for ordinary people.

“A new thing”. This is how almost every one of those in charge of the pilot future community project describes it. They all have started from scratch, no knowing what to do at first, before “feeling the stones across the river” cautiously and finding the solutions. Issues on planning, management and capital balance have inevitably cropped up during the process.

For instance, to better regulate the planning of these projects, especially what future communities entail, the Zhejiang provincial authorities have issued 33 binding and guiding indicators, which have point out a clearer path for their implementation. In terms of management, future communities cover a much wider area and call for much better services, especially public services. With virtually zero property management fees for future communities, digital technologies such as cloud computing will be introduced to save management costs. As the majority of these pilot projects will be based on redeveloping old communities, large amounts of investment will be needed. Through innovative approaches such as green finance, Ditang Community in Huzhou city’s Nanxun district has successfully secured funding from banks.

What is the ultimate goal of building future communities? The person in charge at the Zhejiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission gave the answer: as a new functional unit of the city, the purpose of planning these communities is to lay a solid foundation for the development of “future cities” and “future society”.

Mao Qizhi, a professor Tsinghua University’s School of Architecture, believed that the significance of future communities lies not only in the improvement of living environment, but also in cultural atmosphere. People living in the same communities highly identify with their communities, and they are willing to help each other and make joint efforts to create a better future for the communities — that is the original intention of building a future community.

There is no doubt that creating a stronger cultural atmosphere is the key for future communities. “In the planning, the development of public areas and supporting facilities should be forward-looking, taking into account cross-community interpersonal relations,” said the person in charge at the Zhejiang Provincial Development and Reform Commission. The openness of future communities is not just physical, i.e. without any walls, but also to create an open interpersonal relationship. “With more and more people willing to live in future communities, their development will be even easier.”

Zhejiang is also preparing for the future by formulating new policies on the basis of the original policies, so that the government’s guiding role will be played whether in completely or partially demolishing old communities or in tinkering with newly built ones. Meanwhile, market-oriented mechanisms should be adhered to, and state capital, private capital and foreign capital should all be welcomed. Moreover, costs should be reduced and adverse impact on the public should be minimized.

As the person in charge at the Zhejiang Development and Reform Commission said, “Zhejiang’s development of future communities should stand the test of time”.

猜你喜欢

试点社区建设
3D打印社区
自贸区建设再出发
在社区推行“互助式”治理
基于IUV的4G承载网的模拟建设
《人大建设》伴我成长
保障房建设更快了
固废试点“扩容”再生资源或将纳入其中
省级医改试点的成绩单
国家医改试点再扩容
国家级医改试点医院举步维艰