熊剑平

(国防科技大学国际关系学院 南京 210029)

Reexamination of Sun Tzu's Theory of Using Spy

Xiong Jianping

(National University of Defense Technology, Nanjing 210039)

Abstract: [Purpose/Significance]Sun Tzu systematically summarized and carefully combed the theory of spy use in his bookYongJianPian, which made outstanding contributions to the ancient intelligence theory and formed a far-reaching influence in history. It is of great significance for the construction of intelligence theory with Chinese characteristics to treat Sun Tzu's theory correctly and sum up its gains and losses. [Method/Process]This paper focuses on the elaboration of the theory of using spy and discusses its influence and contribution in combination with the development of ancient spy warfare theory and the research results of modern people, so as to find out its shortcomings.[Result/Conclusion]Sun Tzu's theory of spy use has set up a towering peak in ancient China, but there are also some defects, such as too simple discussion on failure, rough classification of spies, rare harm between words and usages, etc.

Keywords: intelligence theory；history of intelligence; theory of using spy;SunTzu

孙子在《用间篇》集中讨论了间谍使用之法。这是13篇的最后一篇，虽说只有500余字，却构建了较为系统的古典谍报理论。诸如间谍的分类和使用、间谍活动的组织领导、情报活动的地位作用等论题，该篇都有程度不同的讨论。针对《用间篇》的研究，历史上代有其人，并在当代渐入佳境，取得了丰硕的研究成果。因此，我们似有必要总结阶段性成果，以便更好地吸收和借鉴先贤留给我们的遗产。

1 学术史回顾

从银雀山出土竹简可知，《孙子》在先秦时期就已经备受瞩目并有注解文字流传[1]。汉简本《用间篇》中有“燕之兴也，苏秦在齐”这样的衍文，当为注解文字窜入正文[2]，而且开启了研究孙子用间理论的先河。在这之后，汉末著名军事家曹操撰写《孙子略解》(或称《魏武帝注孙子》)，对孙子的用间理论也有研究和阐发。比如，在注释“五间俱起”一语时，曹操强调了“因时”：“因时任用五间也”[3]291，认为实施间谍活动应抓住时机，或根据不同时机灵活运用。此后，历代都有不少学者和军事家透入地研究《孙子》，并对孙子的用间理论有所关注。他们的研究心得散佚较多，但也有不少保留在宋本《十一家注孙子》中。南宋之前的代表性注解作品，因为这一汇解本而得以保存和流传，其中以宋代注解为多。他们在深入研究孙子兵学理论的同时，也对其用间理论有所关注，梅尧臣、何氏、王皙等都是其中杰出代表。比如对“反间者，因其敌间而用之”一句，梅尧臣注曰“或以伪事绐之，或以厚利啖之”[3]293，丰富了反间的运用方法。……